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AUREUS: AURORA RENEWABLE ENERGY & UV SEQUESTRATION
The AuREUS system is an evolution for walls/windows, and uses technology synthesized from upcycled crop waste to absorb stray UV light from sunlight and convert it to clean renewable electricity.

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Montreal Convention Center. Conversion to AuREUS tech will unlock additional 18kW power asset.

WHAT IT DOES
IT champions the issues of UV sequestration, better access to solar energy for climate change mitigation and supporting the local agriculture industry hit by calamities by upcycling crops that would otherwise be considered wastes thus, mitigating farmer loss.

YOUR INSPIRATION
1 Excess UV exposure in urban areas are being induced by glass buildings. The inspiration for the solution came from how Auroras were made. High energy(gamma, UV) are degraded to low energy state (visible light) by luminescent particles in the atmosphere. The tech is based on this concept and used similar functioning particles. 2 Solar Farms are built horizontally and never vertically, until now. Since AuREUS captures UV, it can produce electricity even when not facing the sun. Buildings clad on all sides with AuREUS become vertical solar farms. 3 Crops easily spoil and cause losses to farmers. With this tech, wastes can now be upcycled.

HOW IT WORKS
Both AuREUS devices (Borealis Solar Window and Astralis Solar Wall) uses the same technology derived from the phenomena that governs the beautiful Northern and Southern lights. High energy particles are absorbed by luminescent particles that re-emit them as visible light. Similar type of luminescent particles (derivable from certain fruits and vegetables) were suspended in a resin substrate and is used as the core technology on both devices. When hit by UV light, the particles absorb and re-emit visible light along the edges due to internal reflectance. PV cells are placed along the edges to capture the visible light emitted. The captured visible light are then converted to DC electricity. Regulating circuits will process the voltage output to allow battery charging, storage, or direct utilization of electricity.

DESIGN PROCESS
The idea evolved from continuous pivots and iteration from the simple idea of wanting to capture UV light to better the solar technology industry and contribute to creating a sustainable and regenerative environment. Conventional PV cells lack the capability to capture high energy UV light. Creating better materials with such capability has been the journey for 2017 but led to failure. A workaround has been found after taking inspiration from the beautiful Aurora lights. Instead to directly converting UV to electricity, it can instead be degraded first to visible light (solar wind radiation to aurora lights) then later capture the photons instead using conventional PV cells. A candidate to mediate the light degradation principle is the use of Quantum dots. Come 2018, quantum dot technology has been researched but proved to be costly and would take along time to be market ready. By chance, in a dark pub inspiration was drawn from glowing neon plates when exposed to blacklight. 2019 ended with a full academic thesis and several prototypes proving that the concept is feasible. 2020, the possibility of using local fruits and vegetable dyes as key particles for enabling the technology has been focused on. Currently 78 types of local crops has been tested and 9 showed high potential.

HOW IT IS DIFFERENT
[VS Quantum Dot Solar Windows:] AuREUS used cheaper materials and as of 2019 has been applied and tested for mech and acoustic properties for building settings. In terms of application, AuREUS has been constantly leading. [VS Solar Panels:] AuREUS can function even when not directly facing the sun, it can rely on UV scattering through clouds and by UV light bouncing along walls, pavements, other buildings. This will enable the construction of a Vertical Solar Farm even with a small lot area. This is highly applicable for skyscrapers in urban settings allowing access to clean renewable electricity. [VS Commercial Grade Windows:] glass cladding used in buildings use special films that reflect UV away from the building. This causes induced UV exposure to people outside. AuREUS absorbs UV light instead, protecting people both indoors and outdoors. [VS Crop Waste Disposal:] AuREUS upcycles fruit and vegetable scraps giving life to materials considered as trash.

FUTURE PLANS
R&D: Additional research will be done on extracting needed luminescent particles to allow 100% (from the current 80%) sourcing of dyes from fruits and vegetables instead of chemical ones. Currently, among the 5 colors used (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, and Blue) a stable alternative to the blue dye has not been successfully made yet. Success in this area will bring sustainability to a full circle. Manufacturing: Currently AuREUS is standing at a 30 panel/mo. production. Additional funding can allow the creation of a team and facility that can increase current capacity Future: Advances in forming for chassis in solar powered transport.

AWARDS
Two distinctions has been received from the 35th MAPUA EECE Thesis Colloquium, and an invitation for an international presentation in a postponed renewable energy conference.

CREATED BY
Carvey Ehren Maigue
UNIVERSITY / INSTITUTION
Mapua University
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Grind up and filter liquid from fruits and mix resin to make

AuREUS (Aurora Renewable Energy and UV Sequestration

In the target chamber of my Fusion reactor, laser beams are focused on pellets of fusion fuel . on firing, we should have Fusion and it will be contained in a Powerful magnetic field created by magnets the world’s most powerful magnets around 6 Tesla..
we should have burning plasma (around 100 KJ) which is a
fusion burn sustained by the heat of the reaction itself rather than the input of laser energy. 100 million degrees Fahrenheit I’m just to get the process started I need tens of millions of degrees of temperature and billions of atmospheres of pressure

https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-h-chapter-2

Largest solar project in US history announced 1.3GW 3YEAR BUILD
600 build jobs
power 300,000 homes
Chicago-based Invenergy will invest more than 1 billion in a new solar energy site.
Invenergy has announced plans to construct the largest solar power plant in the country, with companies like Google and McDonald’s as customers.
The project is expected to finish by 2023.
The largest solar power project is slated to be developed as a means to provide clean energy to large companies like telecommunications conglomerate AT&T and fast-food chain McDonald’s in a billion dollar project headquartered in northeastern Texas.

The Chicago-based company Invenergy will construct the site, which is designed to have 1,310-megawatts of solar and wind capacity by 2023, will be constructed in five phases, according to the press release. The facility will be dubbed the Samson Solar Energy Center and has already attracted partnerships with other powerhouse names including Google, The Home Depot and Honda.

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"At AT&T, we believe renewable energy is good for the planet, for our business, and for the communities we serve," said Scott Mair, president of AT&T Technology & Operations. "With more than 1.5 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity, our portfolio delivers clean electricity to the grid, helps to create jobs and community benefits, and supports the transition to a low-carbon economy. We’re excited to participate in Invenergy’s Samson project through the largest corporate solar energy deal in the U.S."

Other local municipalities in Texas will also partner with Invenergy to implement clean energy into cities of Bryan, Denton and Garland.

The project is also expected to create about 600 jobs during the 36-month construction time, as well as bring more than $250 million in landowner payments and $200 million in property tax. When the project is completed, it will produce enough energy to power approximately 300,000 homes.

"Invenergy continues to lead the energy transition, and this record-setting project demonstrates our expertise at a new scale," Invenergy’s Senior Vice President of Origination Ted Romaine, said in prepared comments.

This is good news for the clean energy field, which has been one of the industries adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. With downward trending sales of installments like solar panels due to the coronavirus-induced recession, clean energy saw the loss of around 27,000 jobs in May.

With President-elect Joe Biden set to take office in January, U.S. policy is poised to prioritize sustainability efforts, as the former vice president nominated John Kerry as a special climate envoy to help tackle climate change and pledged to recommit the U.S. to the Paris Climate Accord.

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the new Gmail

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A viable nuclear fusion reactor — one that spits out more energy than it consumes — could be here as soon as 2025.

That’s the takeaway of seven new studies, published Sept. 29 in the Journal of Plasma Physics.

If a fusion reactor reaches that milestone, it could pave the way for massive generation of clean energy.

During fusion, atomic nuclei are forced together to form heavier atoms. When the mass of the resulting atoms is less than the mass of the atoms that went into their creation, the excess mass is converted to energy, liberating an extraordinary amount of light and heat. Fusion powers the sun and stars, as the mighty gravity at their hearts fuse hydrogen to create helium.

But an enormous amount of energy is needed to force atoms to fuse together, which occurs at temperatures of at least 180 million degrees Fahrenheit (100 million degrees Celsius). However, such reactions can generate far more energy than they require. At the same time, fusion doesn’t produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which drive global warming, nor does it generate other pollutants. And the fuel for fusion — such as the element hydrogen — is plentiful enough on Earth to meet all of humanity’s energy needs for millions of years.

"Virtually all of us got into this research because we’re trying to solve a really serious global problem," said study author Martin Greenwald, a plasma physicist at MIT and one of the lead scientists developing the new reactor. "We want to have an impact on society. We need a solution for global warming — otherwise, civilization is in trouble. This looks like it might help fix that."

Most experimental fusion reactors employ a donut-shaped Russian design called a tokamak. These designs use powerful magnetic fields to confine a cloud of plasma, or ionized gas, at extreme temperatures, high enough for atoms to fuse together. The new experimental device, called the SPARC (Soonest/Smallest Private-Funded Affordable Robust Compact) reactor, is being developed by scientists at MIT and a spinoff company, Commonwealth Fusion Systems.

If it succeeds, SPARC would be the first device to ever achieve a "burning plasma," in which the heat from all the fusion reactions keeps fusion going without the need to pump in extra energy. But no one has ever been able to harness the power of burning plasma in a controlled reaction here on Earth, and more research is needed before SPARC can do so. The SPARC project, which launched in 2018, is scheduled to begin construction next June, with the reactor starting operations in 2025. This is far faster than the world’s largest fusion power project, known as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), which was conceived in 1985 but not launched until 2007; and although construction began in 2013, the project is not expected to generate a fusion reaction until 2035.

One advantage that SPARC may have over ITER is that SPARC’s magnets are designed to confine its plasma. SPARC will use so-called high-temperature superconducting magnets that only became commercially available in the past three to five years, long after ITER was first designed. These new magnets can produce far more powerful magnetic fields than ITER’s — a maximum of 21 teslas, compared with ITER’s maximum of 12 teslas. (In comparison, Earth’s magnetic field ranges in strength from 30 millionths to 60 millionths of a tesla.)

These powerful magnets suggest the core of SPARC can be about three times smaller in diameter, and 60 to 70 times smaller in volume than the heart of ITER, which is slated to be 6 meters wide. "That dramatic reduction in size is accompanied by a reduction in weight and cost," Greenwald , told LiveScience. "That’s really the game-changer."

In seven new studies, researchers outlined the calculations and supercomputer simulations underlying SPARC’s design. SPARC is expected to generate at least twice as much as 10 times more energy as is pumped in, the studies found.

The heat from a fusion reactor would generate steam. This steam would then drive a turbine and electrical generator, the same way most electricity is produced nowadays.

"Fusion power plants could be one-to-one replacements for fossil fuel plants, and you wouldn’t have to restructure electrical grids for them," Greenwald said. In contrast, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind "are not accommodated well by the current design of electric grids."

The researchers ultimately hope SPARC-inspired fusion power plants would generate between 250 to 1,000 megawatts of electricity. "In the current power market of the United States, power plants typically generate between 100 to 500 megawatts," Greenwald said.

SPARC would only produce heat, not electricity. Once researchers have built and tested SPARC, they plan to construct the ARC (Affordable Robust Compact) reactor, which would generate electricity from that heat by 2035.

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Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or the absorption of energy. This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic binding energy between the nuclei before and after the reaction. Fusion is the process that powers active or main sequence stars and other high-magnitude stars, where large amounts of energy are released.
The Sun is a main-sequence star, and thus generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses 500 million metric tons of hydrogen each second.

The nuclear binding energy curve. The formation of nuclei with masses up to iron-56 releases energy, as illustrated above.
A fusion process that produces nuclei lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally release energy. These elements have relatively small mass per nucleon and large binding energy per nucleon. Fusion of nuclei lighter than these releases energy (an exothermic process), while fusion of heavier nuclei results in energy retained by the product nucleons, and the resulting reaction is endothermic. The opposite is true for the reverse process, nuclear fission. This means that the lighter elements, such as hydrogen and helium, are in general more fusible; while the heavier elements, such as uranium, thorium and plutonium, are more fissionable. The extreme astrophysical event of a supernova can produce enough energy to fuse nuclei into elements heavier than iron.

In 1920, Arthur Eddington suggested hydrogen-helium fusion could be the primary source of stellar energy. Quantum tunneling was discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1929, and shortly afterwards Robert Atkinson and Fritz Houtermans used the measured masses of light elements to show that large amounts of energy could be released by fusing small nuclei. Building on the early experiments in nuclear transmutation by Ernest Rutherford, laboratory fusion of hydrogen isotopes was accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932. In the remainder of that decade, the theory of the main cycle of nuclear fusion in stars was worked out by Hans Bethe. Research into fusion for military purposes began in the early 1940s as part of the Manhattan Project. Fusion was accomplished in 1951 with the Greenhouse Item nuclear test. Nuclear fusion on a large scale in an explosion was first carried out on 1 November 1952, in the Ivy Mike hydrogen bomb test.

Research into developing controlled fusion inside fusion reactors has been ongoing since the 1940s, but the technology is still in its development phase.

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