4G wavelengths have a range of about 10 miles. 5G wavelengths have a range of about 1,000 feet, not even 2% of 4G’s range. So to ensure a reliable 5G signal, there needs to be a lot of 5G cell towers and antennas everywhere

First cloned baby "born on 26 December"
27 December 2002 By Emma Young
The world’s first cloned baby was born on 26 December, claims the Bahamas-based cloning company Clonaid. But there has been no independent confirmation of the claim.
The girl, named Eve by the cloning team, was said to have been born by Caesarean section at 1155 EST. The birth at an undisclosed location went “very well”, said Brigitte Boisselier, president of Clonaid. The company was formed in 1997 by the Raelian cult, which believes people are clones of aliens.
“The baby is very healthy. She is doing fine,” Roisselier told a press conference in Hollywood, Florida, on Friday. The seven-pound baby is a clone of a 31-year-old American woman, whose partner is infertile, she said.
Proving that the baby is a clone of another person would be possible by showing that their DNA is identical. Genetic tests on the baby and “mother” will now be carried out and the results will be available “in eight or nine days”, Boisselier said.
She told reporters: “You can still go back to your office and treat me as a fraud. You have one week to do that.” Boisselier added that Michael Guillen, science editor at ABC News and a former Harvard University mathematician, will carry out the genetic tests.
Necessary expertise
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Many scientists are sceptical of Boisselier’s claim. Alan Trounson of Monash University in
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Meulsbagoeu, arndea,sAsiustsitnroauliram,asrakeytsinhgefdfoortess. not believe the group has the necessary expertise to clone a
person. “And nearly everything they have said in the past has never been confirmed by scientific investigation,” he told the Sydney Morning Herald.
Maverick fertility scientist Severino Antinori, who claimed earlier in December that the first cloned baby would be born in January 2003, is also critical. “An announcement of this type has no scientific corroboration and risks creating confusion,” he said. “We keep up our scientific work without making announcements. I don’t take part in this … race.”
Opponents of human cloning point to the high rate of miscarriages of cloned animal fetuses, and the high rate of defects in live births. Boisselier has claimed that the large number of female cult members willing to act as surrogate mothers increased their chances of success.
“Irresponsible and repugnant”
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Attempting to clone humans is “irresponsible and repugnant and ignores the overwhelming scientific evidence from seven mammalian species cloned so far,” Rudolph Jaenisch, a cloning expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology told New Scientist previously.
In May, US-based fertility scientist Panos Zavos told the US Congress that five groups of scientists were rushing to be the first to produce the first cloned human baby.
Reproductive cloning – creating a baby rather than a cloned early embryo – is illegal in many countries. But in November, talks on a global ban were suspended, following a series of deadlocked United Nations meetings.

1055 Kinoole St
Hilo, HI 96720

edients
▢ 300g / 10oz whole prawns / shrimp with heads and shells on (Note 7)
BROTH:
▢ 3 cup (750 ml) water
▢ 1/2 cup (125 ml) chicken stock/broth , low sodium
▢ 2 stalks of lemongrass , outer layers peeled(Note 1)
▢ 1.5 cm / 3/5" piece of galangal , cut into 4 slices (Note 2)
▢ 5 kaffir lime leaves , torn roughly (Note 3)
▢ 2 Thai or birdseye chillies (Note 4)
▢ 3 garlic cloves
SOUP ADD INS:
▢ 120g / 4oz oyster mushrooms
▢ 1 roma tomato , cut into wedges
▢ 1/2 white onion (medium sized), cut into wedges about 1 cm thick
▢ 1 tsp sugar
▢ 3 tbsp fish sauce (Note 5)
▢ 3 tbsp lime juice
▢ Coriander/cilantro , for garnish
CREAMY TOM YUM OPTION:
▢ 1 1/2 tbsp Thai roasted chili sauce (Nam Prik Pa, Note 6)
▢ 1/3 cup (75 ml) evaporated milk
Instructions
BROTH:

Peel the prawns. Place heads and shell in pot, reserve meat.
Use a meat mallet or similar to bash the garlic, chilli and lemongrass so they burst open to release flavour. Add into pot.
Crush kaffir lime leaves with your hands. Add into pot.
Add galangal, stock and water. Bring to simmer on high heat, cover, then reduce to medium and simmer for 10 minutes.
Strain the broth, discard the prawn shells etc, then return broth into same pot over low heat.
FINISH SOUP:

Add onions and mushrooms, simmer 3 minutes. Add tomatoes, simmer for 1 minute.
Add prawns, simmer 2 minutes or until just cooked.
Stir in sugar and fish sauce, simmer for 1 minute.
Add lime juice, then taste. Adjust sweet (sugar), salt (fish sauce) and sour (lime) to your taste (trust me, you’ll know when you like it!).
Ladle into bowls and serve with fresh coriander and fresh chilli! This is the CLEAR version of Tom Yum.
CREAMY TOM YUM:

When you add sugar, also add Thai Chilli Paste and evaporated milk.
Then continue with recipe!
BONUS: TOM KHA!

Following Creamy Tom Yum steps but use coconut milk instead of evaporated milk.
Recipe Notes:
1. Lemongrass – To prepare, cut in half, peel the reedy green shell to reveal the softer white part on the bottom half of the lemongrass. If lemongrass is hard to come by, you can use PASTE: stir in 1 tbsp.
2. Galangal is like ginger but it has a more sour and peppery flavour. If you can’t find it, just substitute ginger and a grind of black pepper.
3. Kaffir Lime Leaves are the leaves of a kaffir lime tree. It’s used to add earthy citrus flavours into Asian food. Sold at large grocery stores (Coles, Woolies, Harris) and Asian stores. Dried is an ok substitute (same amount), but I really urge you to try to find fresh if you can because it adds that "something-something" that really makes this "restaurant quality". Freezes 100% perfectly, I always have a stash!
4. Chilli – This soup is not that spicy but has a mild hum to it!
5. Fish Sauce – I’m afraid this is key to getting enough flavour in the broth so I can’t offer a sub here!
6. Thai roasted Chilli Paste – you’ll need to go to a Thai grocery store for this. If you can’t get to one, use another Asian Chilli Paste and some chilli oil to achieve a similar flavour and effect. Sambal Oelak + chilli oil is an excellent fall back.
7. SHORTCUT FROZEN PRAWN/SHRIMP VERSION: I wanted to make a faster version made using pre-peeled frozen prawns. Even I was astonished how well it came out! Here’s how to make it:
Skip prawn/shrimp shells and head in the broth. Instead, add 1.5 tsp shrimped paste into the broth. Proceed with recipe.
Use 200g/7oz frozen peeled prawns (this is more than the weight of peeled whole prawns) and add them in step 7. The resulting soup is extremely good, quite similar to making the broth using the prawn shells!
8. Storing – leftover soup can be kept for 2 days in the fridge then gently reheat in microwave without prawns/shrimp and add them in later (so you don’t accidentally overcook them).
Freezing – broth freezes 100% perfectly. For best results, follow recipe to strain, then return into pot. Gently cook shrimp/prawns than remove. Add fish sauce and sugar. Allow to cool separately, return shrimp into broth and freeze. Add mushrooms and tomato once soup is reheated, as well as lime (best to add these fresh).
9. Nutrition per serving.
NUTRITION INFORMATION:
Calories: 156cal (8%)Carbohydrates: 15g (5%)Protein: 21g (42%)Fat: 2g (3%)Saturated Fat: 1g (6%)Cholesterol: 191mg (64%)Sodium: 2821mg (123%)Potassium: 593mg (17%)Fiber: 2g (8%)Sugar: 7g (8%)Vitamin A: 287IU (6%)Vitamin C: 16mg (19%)Calcium: 138mg (14%)Iron: 3mg (17%)

Section 3. Subparagraph (b) of Section 17203 of the Government Code of Guam is hereby amended to read ‘as follows:

"eb) Along any beach in the territory of Guam,.no

building may be constructed within thirty-five feet (35′) .~

of th~ mean high watermark bounding said beach, nor may any building higher than twenty feet (20′) be constructed

within seventy-five feet (75′) of the said mean high wat8rmark, For the purpose of this section, the term,

‘beach’ does not include those areas where the shoreline I

I

,,,
,,,
,,,
Indiana to be home to US’ largest solar farm,1,000 times the size of a football stadium,
Sarah Bowman, Indianapolis Star,,
November 10,2021,5:49 am,
,,,
INDIANAPOLIS — For the last week,Norm Welker has spent hours every day in the cab of his combine. He rises with the sun and travels up and down his more than 1,000 acres in Indiana, something he has done for decades.
,,,
This will be the last year that he and his family harvests corn. But Welker will still be a farmer — he’s going to farm the sun.,,,
,,,
“We’ve always harnessed the sun, and have enough sun to grow a corn crop,” said 62-year-old Welker. “But now, we are harvesting it far more efficiently than we’ve ever done before.”
,,,
,,,
Welker is not alone: He is one of dozens of neighbors who are leasing their land for what will be the largest solar farm in the United States. At 13,000 acres — roughly 1,000 times the size of Lucas Oil Stadium, home of the Indianapolis Colts — it is aptly named the Mammoth Solar project.
,,,
This project — a partnership between Indiana and Israeli-based Doral Renewables LLC — is expected to bring a roughly $1.5 billion investment into the state over the next five years. It will also mean huge financial gains for the local landowners as well as Starke and Pulaski counties, where the farm will be located.,,
,,,
COP26: Urgency pervades COP26 climate change summit as US grapples with environmental justice,,,
,,,
,,,
How much? What are the effects of climate change costing consumers, on average?,,
,,,
“This is going to have major benefits,” said Lisa Dan, the executive director of the Starke County Economic Development Foundation. “If we need to be known for something, I don’t mind being known as the solar capital of Indiana and beyond.”
,,,
The project will be completed in three phases. The company broke ground on the first phase in October in a ceremony attended by Indiana Gov. Eric Holcomb and Israel’s ambassador to the United States. According to plans,all three phases should be up and running by 2024.,,
,,,
"It’s an incredibly electrifying day for the state of Indiana, Holcomb said in a release. “Knowing Indiana will continue to play a key role in the global energy sector while creating real change in our Hoosier communities is empowering.""",,,
,,,
In total,about 60 landowners between the two counties will be part of this project — bringing together a total of about 13,000 acres. That said,only about 20% of those acres will actually have panels on them.
,,,
Much of the land has forests and wetlands on them, which all will stay. There also will be a lot of green space for the setbacks from the edge of property lines and farm ditches as well as the area in between panels.,,
,,,
While panels will cover about only 2,500 acres,there will be roughly 2.85 million panels across the solar farm — enough to power nearly a quarter-million homes.,
,,,
A scuba-diving archaeologist found a sunken 1,200-year-old canoe on a whim: Here’s how divers brought it to the surface of Lake Mendota,,
,,,
Economic and environmental benefits,,,
,,,
Not only are landowners getting green energy, but they also are getting big financial gains. The amount of money farmers will get for their land is significantly more than what they would get from either leasing it or farming it themselves, Welker said.,
,,,
“I’m 62 years old and I have daughters and they are not interested in farming, so it wasn’t difficult for me to make that decision,” Welker said. “And it’s a better use of the land anyways and much more financially rewarding.”,
,,,
The funding for this project is coming from private investment and the company itself, Cohen said, without the help of subsidies or tax credits. It will be a huge economic benefit for the individual counties, too.
,,,
There will be an initial influx of hundreds of jobs for the construction and then around 50 permanent jobs to operate the solar farm.,,,
,,,
A 3,500-mile voyage: Trash can from South Carolina washes ashore in Ireland,,
,,,
This change also could mean huge environmental benefits, Cohen said.,,
,,,
By no longer farming the land,about one billion gallons of irrigation water will be saved each year. Roughly 2,000 tons of carbon emissions from coal will also be avoided annually. There will also be significantly fewer pesticides and fertilizers applied to the land, which often can run off and pollute surrounding waterways.
,,,
Still, the project hasn’t moved forward without a few obstacles along the way.,,
,,,
There have been some folks opposed to the project. One of the concerns raised is taking farmland out of production, though Welker said none of this land that will be used for the project is considered prime farmland.,,
,,,
In fact,much of the corn from this land currently goes to ethanol production. But as several auto-manufacturers announce moves toward being fully electric in just 15 years, Welker said this is a better way of producing fuel for the future.,
,,,
While Mammoth Solar won’t forever be the biggest solar farm in the country as more projects continue to be proposed, Cohen said, it is putting Indiana on the map now.,
,,,
Follow IndyStar reporter Sarah Bowman on Twitter: @IndyStarSarah.,,,
,,,
IndyStar’s environmental reporting project is made possible through the generous support of the nonprofit Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust.,,,
,,,
This article originally appeared on Indianapolis Star: Mammoth Solar project: Biggest solar farm in America coming to Indiana,,,
,,,
View more on Yahoo,,,
Update privacy choices,,,
,,,

Marinas – Port Authority of Guam

https://www.portofguam.com/about-us/maritime-operation/facilities-and-services/marinas

TIGER WORM TOILETS Design Manual
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
1

CONTENTS
03
04
07
08
11
16
18
19
21
27
28
30
31
Introduction to Tiger worm toilet design Toilet design factors
Determining which TWT design is the right one for your situation. Different TWT designs
Design 1 – Direct Drop Pour Flush TWT
Design 2 – Raised Direct Drop pour Flush TWT
Design 3 – Offset Pour Flush TWT Design 4 – Raised Offset Pour Flush TWT Design 5 – Raised Offset Pour Flush TWT Design 6 – Direct Drop Pour Flush TWT Design 7 – Offset pour Flush TWT Acknowledgements
References and Further Reading
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
2

Introduction to Tiger worm toilet design.
This part of the manual will go through the tiger worm toilet design factors. It will look at the key technical elements of the toilet and how it differs from other latrines. Then there is a section emphasising the importance of high quality of construction.
The infiltration capacity of the soil is key in determining if the ground conditions are suitable for tiger worm toilets, how to calculate this is gone through in detail. The minimum infiltration capacity of the soil then determines if a subsurface pit can be excavated.
Other important design factors which are looked at are the number of users per toilet, the quantity of worms per toilet and the surface area of the pit which all impact on the design.
There is then a section on determining which is the right tiger worm toilet for your situation including a table showing the advantages and disadvantaged of different designs.
From page 9 there is a section with the different types of design Oxfam has use in different locations, there are bill of quantities as well as construction guides for these toilets.
Please read make sure you have read “Tiger worm toilets, what are they? Are they a good solution for you? Before you decide on a design and if tiger worm toilets are the right solution in your location.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
3

Toilet DESIGN FACTORS
The superstructure of a TWT can be the same as existing traditional latrines, as long as there is a roof to prevent rainwater entering the system. As with all latrines, it is essential that the community are consulted regarding the design, location and sharing arrangements.
Offset
Target
The faeces should land in the middle zone
Direct drop
Latrine Pan
Can be direct drop or off-set. If there is no water seal a cover is needed
Space
40cm
10cm > 10cm
30cm to 60cm
For the faeces and vermicompost to build up
Bedding Layer
Where the worms live
Drainage Layer
Small or medium gravel or similar
Drainage Layer
Course large gravel or hardcore or similar
Infiltration
It is critical that the infiltration rate is sufficient to prevent water building up and flooding the pit
Infiltration
If the infiltration rate is insufficient, consider a larger pit or infiltration trench
Maximum Water Table
It is critical that the water table does not raise into the drainage layer
The importance of construction quality
Ensuring good construction quality is particularly important for TWTs. This includes ensuring:
1. The system is properly sealed to prevent predators such as rats or centipedes from being able to enter the pit. The pit lid needs to be well sealed. If direct drop, a good fitting latrine pan cover is needed.
2. The pit is properly sealed on the sides to prevent rain and surface water entering the pit.
3. A well-sealed and large enough emptying and monitoring hatch.
4. The correct construction materials are used. The drainage and bedding layer do not contain too many
small fine particles which could cause blockages.
5. The inlet pipe is installed correctly for new faeces to land in the center of the pit
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
4

Toilet DESIGN FACTORS
Drainage Layer
The drainage layer supports the bedding layer and provides an infiltration buffer zone where water can be held while waiting to infiltrate. The whole drainage layer should be at least 40cm deep. Depending on local materials, it may be preferred to place finer gravel (or similar) above a layer of courser gravel or hardcore (or similar). Ensure that there are not too many fine/small pieces which could cause clogging.
Bedding Layer
This is where the worms live. It should be an organic material that does not quickly degrade, retains moisture, retains its structure to keep air flowing through the layer (aerobic) and filters out the solids that are flushed. Wood chips are ideal and coconut husks are also suitable. Ensure that there are not too many fine particles which could cause clogging. A depth of 10 cm is required to ensure that the worms have enough space to live and move around. The bedding layer must be soaked overnight in water before installation.
Space
There should be at least 40cm between the top of the bedding layer and the bottom of the entry pipe. This is the space where the vermicompost will build up and the fresh faeces will be processed.
Inlet pipe
The inlet pipe should be positioned in such a way that the faeces entering the pit lands in the middle. This can be easily tested during construction with a lump of wet tissue to simulate the faeces. If the tissue does not land in the central target zone then the pipe should be adjusted.
Latrine pan
Any type of latrine pan can be used, but low-volume pour flush pans are ideal. High volume pour flush pans will result in a lot more water entering the pit and potentially building up if the infiltration rate is not sufficient. They also require users to carry more water. Direct drop pans can be used if people use at least 1 to 1.5 litres per use for anal cleansing and pan cleaning.
Pit construction
The pit can be constructed from any suitable locally available materials. Bricks and concrete rings are common choices. In Rakhine the communal TWTs were constructed with a stone wall pit sealed with mortar. Whatever material is selected the pit must be properly mortared and sealed to prevent surface water runoff, animals and insects from entering the pit.
Monitoring and emptying hatch
TWT pits need to easy be visually inspected. A monitoring and emptying manhole cover is required. It should be easy to open and close. It should be large enough that the vermicompost can be emptied with a spade. A minimum of 0.6m x 0.6m is suggested, but larger is preferable. It is important that is has a good seal to prevent water and insects from entering the pit.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
5

Toilet DESIGN FACTORS
Determining the minimum infiltration capacity of the pit
The required infiltration capacity will depend on the type of latrine pan used and user behaviours. This can be determined using the method and formulas included in the annex. The table below provides a quick guide by applying several general assumptions.
Flushes per day
Flush volume 2 3 4
5 litres 3.5 mm/hr 5.0 mm/hr 6.0 mm/hr
Suggested minimum design infiltration rates: table above assumes 1 litre for anal cleansing pppd, 1.5 litre urine pppd, adds a +25% safety factor, assumes 0.2m2 pit surface area per person and is rounded up to the nearest 0.5mm/hr.
Determining the actual infiltration capacity of the pit
A simple infiltration test can be carried out and is essential for confirming that the actual infiltration capacity of the pit if greater than the required minimum design infiltration rate.
The below method is adapted from appendix H2 of the Building Regulations 2002 for England and Wales.
1. Excavate a test pit down to the expected level of the bottom of the TWT pit drainage layer. Ensure that this is above the highest level of the water table in the rainy season. The size at the bottom of the test pit should be large enough for the trial holes.
4. The following morning fill the holes to a depth of 300 mm. Pour gently so to not disrupt the soil.
5. Record the time in minutes required for the water level to drop from 225mm to 75mm, a drop of
1 litre
1.5 mm/hr 1.5 mm/hr 2.0 mm/hr
10 litres
6.0 mm/hr 8.5 mm/hr 11.5 mm/hr
2. At the bottom of the test pit, dig two round trial holes with a diameter at the base of 300mm. Keep the sides of the holes as vertical as the soil type will allow. Space the top of the holes at least 300mm apart.
3. Fill the trial holes and allow to drain overnight.
150mm.
Design Infiltration Rate (mm/hr)
=
150 mm x 60
Average time in minutes
x 0.6
Safety factor
6. Repeat this, three times per hole.
7. Calculate the average time of all 6 tests.
8. Calculate the design infiltration rate using the formula below. It is recommended to reduce the
calculated infiltration rate by multiplying by a safety factor of 0.6 to allow for some future reduction in infiltration rate that could be caused by clogging.
Determining the required infiltration capacity of the pit see Annex 4. Infiltration test sheet template in Annex 6.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
6

Toilet DESIGN FACTORS
Number of Users per Toilet
The number of users determines the number of worms that are required, which then determines the surface area of the pit that is required.
Quantity of Worms per Toilet
Composting worms have the ability to consume their own body weight in waste each day. An average person produces 200gr of faeces per day. Therefore at least 200gr of worms are required per person.
m2
Surface Area of the Pit
Each 1 kg of worms requires at least 0.5m2 surface area of bedding layer. This is equivalent to 0.1m2 per person who will use the toilet. The minimum suggested surface area is 0.7m2.
Soil Infiltration Rate
It is essential that the bedding layer does not become saturated and that the pit is able to infiltrate the daily input of water without accumulating above the drainage layer. If the soil does not have sufficient infiltration ability for the area of pit determined by the number of people (above), then either (1) the pit will need to be made larger until the infiltration capacity is sufficient, or (2) additional alternative infiltration will be required, such as infiltration trenches.
The following table provides a guide as to the expected quantity of worms and surface area required for different numbers of toilet users, together with the associated minimum internal diameter for a round pit or minimum internal length for a square shaped pit.
m2
10people 2 kg >1.0 >1.1m >1.0m
*TWTs can be designed for more than 30 people by following the design guidance above.
5 people 1 kg
0.7 > 0.9 m > 0.8 m
20people 4 kg
> 2.0 > 1.6 m > 1.4 m
30people 6 kg
> 3.0 > 2.0 m > 1.7 m
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
7

Determining which TWT design is the right one for your situation.
Below is a list of questions which will help form the basis of the design for an appropriate sanitation system.
What is the Scenario? Urban, Peri urban or rural has there been a natural disaster, earthquake, Tsunami or flood. Is the affected population densely packed or spread out.
Can you excavate? The importance of Soil type – rocky, very hard, very soft sand to be determine. What is the ground permeability? Infiltration capacity of the soil to determine ground conditions. Where is the water table level? i.e. groundwater considerations regarding contamination and whether underground structures might flood.
What are the Cultural norms for sanitation? – communal, family household, gender separated What are Anal Cleansing practices? – wet or dry
Table comparing use of different designs.
Design Design Design Design Design Design Design 1234567
2Ti”mx4b”exr14” poles 1St0a0ir0sx 225
2Ti”mx4b”exr14” poles
1su2b5-mbamse fboloucnkdsation
125 mm thick blocks
Bio-digester
5d0ram1in6m00s0idme m
400 mm x 500 mpitm Soak away
Pwarltlition
1p0ip0emm Pvc
1400 mm
Latrine Block
1s i:d7e5 dmr ami n 1400 mm
PWoautreFrlCulsohseotr
TPWroTject Drawnby: GTu.cJ.ker Date: 28/4/2018 Location: Koinadugu
PLANVIEWOFLATRINEBLOCKANDBIO-DIGESTER
Title
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
x
x
X
X
x
x
Household
Communal
Limited space
Areas with risk of Flooding (High water table) Suitabe for Camp setting
Suitable for urban peri urban
Suitable for poor soil infiltration
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
8
1300 mm
osD1w0uo0tions0rigd–me m
1300 mm

Different Types of Tiger Worm Toilet DESIGNS
There are a range of designs to accommodate differing conditions, See below.
Design 1
Direct Drop Pour Flush Family
Used in Ethiopia
Design 2
Raised Direct Drop pour Flush Communal
Used in Myanmar
Design 3
Offset Pour Flush Family
Used in Ethiopia
Design 4
Raised Offset Pour Flush Family
Used in Myanmar
Conditions for use
Limited Space, urban/peri urban, Good soil infiltration
Limited Space High-water table <1m
Risk of Flooding Camp setting
Limited Space Good soil infiltration
Urban Peri Urban
Poor soil infiltration If high-water table
<1m
Suitable for areas with Risk of Flooding
Rural
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
9

Large footprint Good Soil Infiltration Peri Urban
Reinforced concrete rings Small footprint Cheap
Urban/ Peri Urban Good Soil Infiltration
Biodigester is separate could be retro fitted Above ground Risk of Flooding High Water table
Peri Urban
Design 5
OffSet Pour Flush Family
Used in India
Design 6
Direct Drop Pour Family
Used in Bangladesh
Design 7
Offset pour Flush Family
Used in Sierra Leone
Flush
2”x4”x14” Timber poles
1000 x 225 Stairs
2”x4”x14” Timber poles
125 mm sub-base foundation blocks
125 mm thick blocks
50 mm side drain
16000 mm
400 mm x 500 mm Soak away pit
Partition wall
100 mm Pvc pipe
1400 mm
Latrine Block
1:75 mm side drain
1400 mm
Pour Flush or Water Closet
PLAN VIEW OF LATRINE BLOCK AND BIO-DIGESTER
Bio-digester
Title TWT Project
G. J. Drawn by: Tucker
Date: 28/4/2018
Location: Koinadugu
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
10
1300 mm
1000 mm Door – swing outside
1300 mm

Design 1 – Direct Drop Pour Flush TWT Use for: Household, Limited Space and urban / peri urban.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
11

Construction Guide
Off-Site Preparation
1. Cast the slab for the toilet off-site. Ensure that when it is cast that it is smooth and level on the bottom. The smaller part has handles so that it can be moved easily for monitoring purposes.
2. If the worms are being housed in a wormery before going inside the pit, they need sorted and weighed before they can be put in the pit. Don’t start this until you are ready to put them in the pit, but also don’t underestimate the amount of time this can take. Even one kilogram is a lot of worms.
On-Site Construction
3. Dig the pit to the appropriate dimensions. The optimum depth can be determined by infiltration tests on the soil (see Design section).
4. Fill the bottom of the pit with aggregate. This is the soakaway area, as well as acting as a buffer against particularly high rates of water entry.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
12

5. Construct the walls of the pit.
6. Level the top of the pit, and then put the slab on top. It should fit neatly. Attach the slab using a cement mortar but leave the access hatch so that it can easily be opened.
7. Erect the superstructure, which should be suitable for the context. If there is a risk of termites in the area, then ensure all poles are dipped in burned engine oil.
8. Add the bedding layer, ensuring that it has been thoroughly wetted first.
9. Add the worms and start using the toilet straight away.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
13

Bill of Quantities – FOR WORM TOILET MODEL A
Item description
Quantity
Unit
Pit Construction
Cement
Sand
Gravel Size 0.1 Gravel Size 0.25 Gravel Size 0.3 Stone
Slab
Cement
Sand
Aggregate
Reinforcement bar, Ø6mm Binding Wire
2.5 50kg bags 0.2 m3
0.1 m3
0.2 m3
0.4 m3
0.5 m3
0.25 50kg bags 0.03 m3 0.05 m3
1.8 kg 0.5 kg
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
14

Squat Pan
1 pieces
Superstructure
Eucalyptus pole Ø8cm
4
pieces
Timber 5 x 4 x 200 cm
2
pieces
Timber 15 x 2.5 x 200cm
1
pieces
Burned Engine Oil
2
litres
Iron sheet, 2 x 0.9 m, 32G
10
pieces
Nails, Roofing
1.5
kg
Nails, 9cm
1
kg
Tower Bolt,15cm Butt Hinge, 15cm Worms Composting Worms Bedding Layer
2 pieces 2 pieces
1 kg 72 litres
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
15

Design 2 – Raised Direct Drop pour Flush TWT Use for: Communal, limited space, high water table and camp setting.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
16

Bill of Quantities – for Shared Sittwe HH TWT Design V.5
Sr.No.
Description
Quantity
Unit
Material
1 Hard wood 3" x3" post 9′ length
2 3" x 2" hard wood 12′ length
3 3"x1" hard wood 12′ length
4 3" x 0.5" hard wood for beading
5 pan cover with 5 ply wood, 2" x1" frame
6 8mm rebar
7 6 mm rebar
8 binding wire
9 vernish (1 gal)
10 cement
11 boulder
12 Aggregate
13 sand
6 pcs 15 pcs 3 pcs 13 pcs 2 pcs
240 Rft 160 Rft
0.5 viss 1 gal
22.34 bags 3.225 sud 0.25 sud 1 sud
2 pcs 55 ft
4 pcs
1 viss 1.5 viss 12 pcs
2 pcs
2 nos 15 ft
6 pcs 4 pcs 2 pcs 2 pcs 25 bags
2 mandays 5 mandays 8 mandays
15 brush
16 GI plain sheet ( 5 ft )
17 C.G.I roofing sheet
18 roofing nail
19 nail (various size)
20 1/2" dia Bolt and Nut 5" long with washers
21 pan
22 3" dia PVC pipe
24 fly screen 4′
25 4" Hinge
26 4"handle
27 tower bolts
28 padlock
29 Bedding material/coconut coir
carpenter
mason+ steel fixer worker
4′
Labour cost
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
17

Design 3 – Offset Pour Flush TWT Use for: Household, limited space, urban and peri urban.
Installation of the pour flush pan and plumbing – case examples from Ethiopia
These are the main steps in the installation of the pour flush pan and plumbing as implemented in Ethiopia [4]:
▪ Backfill partially the foundation of the superstructure with the soil from the excavation.
▪ Position the toilet pan at the level of the slab which it will be set into.
▪ Install a 70-mm-diameter and one-meter long pipe connecting the biodigester to the pan (in Liberia, a 4-inch-diameter PVC pipe has been used)
▪ Further backfill the foundation with soil up to 20 cm below the level of the slab. The rest of the space should be backfilled with sand.
▪ Lift the slab and connect the pan to the pipe. The angle of the pipe should be 15 degrees.
▪ Once in the correct position, mortar the pan in place and seal the side of the slab.
Once the plumbing system is installed, screw up several large handful of toilet paper, wet them and make them into balls. Then flush one down the toilet with two litres of water, repeat this and note where the ball lands. Ideally it should land in the middle of the tank, trim the inlet pipe until this occurs.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
18

Design 4 – Raised Offset Pour Flush TWT
Use for: Household, high water table, camp setting, poor or low soil infiltration.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
19

Bill of Quantities – for single Sittwe HH TWT Design V3.
Sr.No.
Description
Quantity
Unit
Per
Material
1 Hard wood 3" x3" post 9′ length
2 3" x 2" hard wood 12′ length
3 3"x1" hard wood 12′ length
4 3" x 0.5" hard wood for beading
5 6" x 1" plank 12 length
6 pan cover with 5 ply wood, 2" x1" frame
7 1"x 1" wire mesh
8 concrete footing with M.S flat ( 8" x 1′ x 1.5′)
9 concrete ring ( 3′ dia, 1.5′ height)
10 reinforced concrete cover with man hole (3′ dia)
11 vernish (1 gal )
12 cement 0.76 bags bags
13 boulder 0.125 sud sud
14 Aggregate 0.038 sud sud
15 sand 0.019 sud sud
18 brush 2 pcs pcs
4 pcs pcs 9 pcs pcs 2 pcs pcs 9 pcs pcs 5 pcs pcs 1 pcs pcs
0.04 roll roll 4 pcs pcs 2 pcs pcs 1 pcs pcs 1 gal gal
30 ft ft
2 pcs pcs 0.5 viss viss
1 viss viss
23 1/2" dia Bolt and Nut 5" long with washers
24 pan 1 pcs pcs
19 GI plain sheet ( 5 ft )
20 C.G.I roofing sheet
21 roofing nail
22 nail (various size)
8 pcs pcs
25 3" dia PVC pipe 4′
26 tarpaulin sheet 4′ x 4′
28 fly screen 4′ x 5′
29 4" Hinge
30 4" Handle
31 tower bolts
32 bedding material/coconut coir
carpenter mason worker
1 nos nos 0.04 roll roll
5 ft ft
3 pcs pcs 2 pcs pcs 2 pcs pcs 5 bags bags
2 mandays 1 mandays 4 mandays
Labour cost
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
20

Design 5 – Raised Offset Pour Flush TWT Use for: Household, peri urban.
3
Design of a TWT built in India (note: all dimensions are in mm)
Construction of the biodigester, Above-ground biodigester – case example
from Liberia. For areas prone to flooding.
Build a 7 cm concrete foundation with the surface of 1.52m*1.32m (Picture 1).
Picture 1: Building of a concrete foundation for an above ground biodigester, Liberia.
The internal dimensions of the biodigester should be 1.2 m high, 1 m long and 1 m wide. Plaster the
outside and internal walls with mortar. Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
21

Picture 2: Construction of an above ground biodigester.
Construct the walls of the biodigester by using 6’’ (15.24 cm) concrete blocks and mortar (picture 2).
Construct the lid of the biodigester by pouring a slab of reinforced concrete (picture 3). The dimensions of the lid should fit with the surface of the biodigester (i.e. 1.52*1.32m). The recommended thickness is 0.05m.
Picture 3: Pouring of a cover slab, Liberia.
Installation of the inner parts of the biodigester – case examples from Ethiopia and Liberia
Firstly, set up the drainage layer. For example, in Ethiopia and Liberia, the drainage layer consists respectively of a superposition of 30 cm of 4 cm aggregate and 10 cm of sand and of a superposition of 15
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
22

cm of sand, 5 cm of charcoal, and 10 cm of gravel (Picture 4 & 5). Alternative materials can be used provided they can be climbed by worms (e.g. plastic bottles or pipes).
Picture 4: Set-up of the bottom layer and the intermediate layer of the drainage layer, i.e. 15 cm of sand and 5 cm of charcoal, Liberia.
Picture 5: Set-up of the upper layer of the drainage layer, i.e. 10 cm of gravel, Liberia.
In Liberia, a reinforced porous slab has been installed below the drainage layer to further filter the effluent (picture 6). The slab has been precast, using 1:3 cement mix and 1⁄4’’ gravel. The surface of the slab should be a bit smaller than the inner surface of the biodigester, i.e. 1.1m*0.9m. The thickness of the slab should be minimum 5 cm, which is the structural minimum for the load. To increase the porosity of the slab, it is recommended to insert wires into the slab two hours after casting and to leave it until the following day. A proper porosity is crucial to ensure the flow of the effluent liquid.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
23

Picture 6: Precast reinforced porous slab, Liberia.
Secondly, set up a 10 cm bedding layer by using coir, vermicompost, woodchips and/or a combination of
them.
In Liberia, an additional intermediate layer has been installed between the drainage layer and the bedding layer as well. This layer consists of a metal mesh or onion bags (picture 7). The goal is to help users empty the system by leaving that layer out and thus disposing the vermicompost easily.
Picture 7: Positioning of onion bags above the drainage layer, Liberia.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
24

Finally, wet the bedding layer by pour 20 litres of water slowly across the top of the tank and add the worms by distributing them across the surface (picture 8). Then, close the tank lid and seal the joint between the lid and the tank.
Picture 8: Provision of worms to the biodigester.
Construction of the effluent collector – case example from Liberia
In Liberia the effluent collector has been constructed using a plastic drum with a lid and a 2’’ PVC pipe (picture 9). The slope of the pipe between the biodigester and the effluent collector should be minimum 2%. A hermetic lid is needed to ensure that external water does not enter in the system. Moreover, in areas prone to flooding, it is recommended to raise protection walls around the effluent collector to protect it against flooding.
Picture 9: An effluent collector constructed with a plastic drum in Liberia. Protection walls have been raised around the drum to protect it against flooding.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
25

Bill of Quantities –
Tiger worm Toilets household (biodigester 1.2m*1m*1m – connected to a house toilet) for construction of a household TW Toilet
Item
Description
Qty
Unit (USD)
Unit cost (USD)
Total
1
Cement
7
2
Sand
1
3
Crushed rocks 1/4"
0.3
4
Poor flush squate/commode
1
6
Mesh Wire (large roll)
Onion bags
Fishing line
4
7
1.2
8
2
9
Plumbing putty
0.25
10
PVC glue
0.5
11
4" PVC pipe
0.5
12
4" PVC elbow
2
13
Floor tiles (12"X12"ceremic)
1
14
Steel rods (1/4")
0.2
15
Coconut shred
0.5
16
2" PVC Elbow
2
17
PVC Pipe 2"
0.5
19
White cement
0.3
21
4" PVC coupling
1
22
4" PVC Tee
1
23
2" PVC Tee
1
24
Reducer PVC 4”X2”
1
25
Nail 2"
1.5
26
Timber (2 x 4x 14)
2
27
28
29
30
50kg
m3 3030 m3 309 pc 6060 m2 520
m2 0.5 0.6 rl 12
9 63
can
can
pc of 6m
pc 36
ctn (11 pc)
pc of 12m 102 wb 105 pc 36 pc of 6m 84 50kg 206 pc 33 pc 44 pc 33 pc 33 pck 23 6m 612
80 pc 0.56 44.8 1 pc 30 30 1 wb4 4 2.4 kg7 16.8
5 1.25
5 2.5 18 9
15 15
6" cement block Empty drum (plastic) Charcoal
worms
Sub-Total Workmanship @ 25% x material cost
Grand Total
1 toilet 91.2375
364.95
91.2375 456.1875
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
26

Design 6 – Direct Drop Pour Flush TWT Use for: Household, limited space, urban and peri urban and low soil
infiltration.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
27

Design 7 – Offset pour Flush TWT
Use for: Household, limited space, high water table urban and peri urban.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
28

BILL OF QUANTITIES – FOR THE CONSTRUCTON OF TIGER WORMS TOILET The materials are ONLY for the construction of the bio-digester and installation
Materials description
Unit
Quantity
Cement
Sand (block work & building) Coarse Sand for bedding layer Aggregate 25mm (1”) for concrete
Crushed rocks (Aggregates) 1/4" for bedding layer, porous and top slabs.
Pour flush square commode
Mesh wire G10 2.4mX1.2m
Onion bags
Flushing line Plumbing putty PVC glue
4" PVC pipe
4" PVC elbow
Floor tiles (12" x 12" ceramic) Steel rods 1/4"
Coconut shred
2" PVC elbow
PVC pipe 2"
10. White cement
4" PVC Coupling
4" PVC Tee
2" PVC Tee
Reducer PVC 4" x 2" Fly screen
Nails 2"
Timber 12 x 1
Timber 3 x 2
Local bush poles
Galvanised iron sheets 2.4mx1.0m 5" cement block
Empty drum (plastic 200lts) Charcoal
Worms
Water for construction use
50kg Bag 8 m3 2 m3 0.5 m3 0.5
m3 0.3 pc 1 m2 4 m2 1.2 roll 2 can 0.25 can 0.5 pc of 6m 0.5 pc 2 ctn (11 pc) 1 pc of 12 m 0.2 wb 0.5 pc 2 pc of 6m 0.5
50 kg 0.3
pc
pc
pc
pc
pc
pck 1.5 6m 2 no 4 no 4 no 6 pc 80 pc 1 wb 1 kg 2.4 litres 200
1 1 1 1 1
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
29

Acknowledgements
Oxfam has been working on Tiger Worm Toilets (TWT) for over a decade. Many Oxfam staff, consultants, private companies, have been involved in the gathering the information outlined in the manual. Numerous country programmes have implemented Tiger Worm toilet projects, Myanmar, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Liberia, Bangladesh and India. The experience gained and lessons learnt about design, operation and implementation are outlined in this manual.
It is with thanks to the following donors for their support to Oxfam: –
“Waste to Value” project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through UNHCR.
Elrha’s Humanitarian Innovation Fund, a grant making facility supporting organisations and individuals to identify, nurture and share innovative and scalable solutions to the most pressing challenges facing effective humanitarian assistance.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
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References and Further Reading
Processing of human faeces by wet vermifiltration for improved on-site sanitation
Furlong, C., Templeton, M.R., Gibson, W.T. 2014. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4 (2) 231-239.
The ‘Tiger Toilet’: From Concept to Reality
Furlong, C., W. T. Gibson, M. R. Templeton, M. Taillade, F. Kassam, G. Crabb, R. Goodsell, et al. 106–11. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, 2014.
The development of an onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration: the ‘Tiger Toilet’
Furlong C., Gibson W.T., Templeton, M. R. Taillade M., Kassam F., Crabb G., Goodsell R., Mcquilkin J., Oak A., Thakar G., Kodgire M., Patankar R. 2015 Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5 (4), 608-613.
Technical and user evaluation of a novel worm-based, on-site sanitation system in rural India Furlong, C., Gibson, W.T., Oak, A., Thakar, G., Kodgire, M., Patankat, R. 2016. Waterlines, 35 (2), 148-
162.
Compendium of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies
Gensch, R., Jennings, A., Renggli, S., Reymond, P., 2018. German WASH Network (GWN), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Global WASH Cluster (GWC) and Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Berlin, Germany. ISBN: 978-3-906484-68-6.
Tiger worm toilets: lessons learned from constructing household vermicomposting toilets in Liberia
Watako D., Mougabe K., Heath T. 2016. Waterlines 35 (2), 136-147. Applehof, M., (2003) Worms Eat My Garbage
Furlong, C., Lamb, J., Bastable, A. (2017) Learning from Oxfam’s Tiger Worm Toilets Projects, 40th WEDC International Conference
Bear Valley Ventures Ltd. “Tiger Toilet – A New Option for on-Site Sanitation – Vermifiltration,” n.d. http://www.bearvalleyventures.com/#!tiger-1.
Kassam, F. F. “Assessment of the Performance of a Novel, on-Site, Worm Based Sanitation System for Peri-Urban Environments,” 6. Imperial College London, 2012.
Furlong, Claire. “A Manual for the Tiger Toilet in Dire Dawa.” Oxfam, February 2013.
Koslengar, Mougabe, and David Watako. “Tiger Worm Toilets: Lessons Learnt from Constructing Household Vermocomposting Toilets in Liberia,” Oxfam 2015,
Furlong, Claire. “Worm Care Manual.” Bear Valley Ventures Ltd., October 2013.
Furlong, Claire. “Worm Farming in South Africa – Assessing the Potential to Supply Composting Worms for the Humanitarian Sector in Africa.” Bear Valley Ventures Ltd., International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2014.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
31

Nalika, Rajapaksha, and Butt Kevin. “Supply Capability of Composting Earthworm in India.” Bear Valley Ventures Ltd., University of Central Lancashire, July 2014.
Furlong, C., Templeton, M.R and Gibson, W.T. (2014). “Processing of human faeces by wet vermifiltration for improved on-site sanitation”. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene For Development 4 (2) 231- 239.
Bear Valley Ventures Ltd. “Tiger Toilet.” Bear Valley Ventures – Social Ventures Incubator for Sanitation and Hygiene. Accessed September 29, 2015. http://www.bearvalleyventures.com/#!tiger-1.
Furlong, Claire. “Final Report: Assessment the Potential of Using Vermifilters to Treat Faecal Sludge.” Bear Valley Ventures Ltd., International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, n.d.
Furlong, Claire. “Tiger Toilet: Monitoring Manual.” Oxfam, March 2013.
Furlong, C., Templeton, M.R and Gibson, W.T. (2014). “Processing of human faeces by wet vermifiltration for improved on-site sanitation”. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene For Development 4 (2) 231- 239 in Bear Valley Ventures Ltd. “Tiger Toilet – A New Option for on-Site Sanitation – Vermifiltration,” n.d. http://www.bearvalleyventures.com/#!tiger-1.
Tiger Worm Toilet: Design
32

1. Disability Sensitivity Training

“The world is full of suffering BUT We can BEAT it.” Clifford Ray Hackett

2. Defining Disability

The term "disability" means: a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities, for example, walking, thinking, seeing, speaking or hearing.

3. Defining Disability

Approximately 54 million people in the United States have some type of disability*. Whether a disability comes about from birth or by accident not all disabilities can be seen with the naked eye. Some people may feel uneasy being around a person with a disability, however people with disabilities are simply people and need to be treated as such.

4. Visible vs. Invisible Disabilities

Visible: People who are paralyzed and need some type of aid to move around Severe developmental disability. A physical difference. Missing limbs. Motor impairments.

Invisible: People with hearing disorders. Speech impediments may not be immediately apparent. People who are blind can appear to be sighted, if you do not notice the aid they require to move around. A learning disability may be misinterpreted as lack of intelligence or carelessness

5. Learning Disabilities

A learning disability has to do with the way the brain is wired. People who are LD have normal or above normal intelligence, cannot be cured, but use different ways to learn and function.

Dyslexia – trouble understanding written words. Dyscalculia – difficulty solving math problems and grasping concepts. Dysgraphia – difficulty forming letters or writing within a defined space.

Auditory and Visual Processing Disorder – difficulty understanding language. despite normal hearing and vision, short term memory problems. Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities – a neurological disorder causing problems with visual-spatial, intuitive, organizational, evaluative and holistic processing functions.

ADHD – Difficulty concentrating, cannot tolerate noise or commotion.

6. All People Are Different

What is important to remember is that we are all different and need to be recognized for that which we are capable of doing, not for what we may require aid to accomplish.“The best way to help everyone, is for people to learn, understand and respect all people, whether they are the

same or different.”*

7. Unfortunately, and inaccurately, people with disabilities are often viewed as: Victims, or objects of pity. Burdens, either on society or on their families and careers. A threat to the comfort and safety of others. Unable, or assumed to be unable, to do things. Having multiple disabilities (such as assuming that a person who uses a wheelchair also has an intellectual disability) Childlike. "Special" . Such misconceptions are based on insufficient or inaccurate

information about people with disabilities and can perpetuate inappropriate interactions.

8. We may fear what we do not know

Employers and fellow employees may be afraid of the unfamiliar. People who have never had

contact with a person with a disability may have numerous questions. Curiosity is natural, however, you may be afraidto ask those questions for fear of violating the provisions of the ADA, or being rude.

9. Overcoming those fears

Remember that people with disabilities are people first, who happen to have a disability. We are all just temporarily abled. You could think, ‘I might face a disability someday, and here’s a person who could help me live with it!’

10. The Law

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), PL101-336 states, "No covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job application procedures; the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees; employee compensation; job training; and other terms,

conditions, and privileges of employment."

11.Reasonable Accommodations in the Work Place

According to the Department of Justice government-wide regulations, section 41.53, Reasonable Accommodation: "A recipient shall make reasonable accommodation to

the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified handicapped applicant or employee unless the recipient can demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the operation of its program."

12. Enforcement

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Federal agency that regulates and enforces other employment discrimination laws, and is responsible for enforcing ADA

employment provisions.

13. Education

As with all areas of life education is the key to helping people understand each other.

Equal treatment is essential to the integration of people with disabilities into the workplace.

In order to maintain a proper work environment all coworkers need to be treated with the respect they deserve.

14. Awareness & Etiquette

Focus on the person, not on his or her disability.

15. People Who Use Aids To Move

Always ask the person who uses a wheelchair if he or she would like assistance before you jump in to help. Your help may not be needed or wanted.* Don’t hang or lean on a person’s wheelchair.*

Take steps to insure that all office materials that may be needed are within the reach of someone that utilizes a wheelchair. If your conversation lasts more than a few minutes, consider sitting down, to get yourself on the same eyelevel.*

16. Persons Who Are Hearing Impaired

Always make eye contact with the person you are speaking to. A gentle tap on the shoulder will help you announce your presence. Face the person you are speaking to and speak slowly and clearly, do not raise your voice unless asked to do so. If there is a breakdown in communication put pencil to paper and write down what you are attempting to convey. Speak to the person not their interpreter if there is one present.

17. People With Cognitive Disabilities

If the person who you are working with is having trouble understanding you, repeat yourself, using different words, without getting frustrated. Patience is a virtue. Break up your ideas into small manageable bits that can be easily remembered. “Keep it simple.” Be considerate without be patronizing. Keep all conversations at an adult to adult level.

18. People With Vision Impairments

Always make your presents known. Greet the person who may not know you are there. Don’t pet guide dogs or other service animals while they are working. Ask before interacting with the dog.; Talk directly to a person who is blind, not through their companion. Use the person’s name to whom you are speaking so they are aware you are speaking to them. Pulling or steering a person is awkward and confusing. Avoid grabbing their arm or their dog’s harness unless asked.

19. People With Speech Impediments

Do not finish their sentences for them. Allow them the time to say everything they wish to say. Once again, patience is a virtue. Do not mimic them or mock them for their speech. Never pretend to know what a person is saying. Ask the person to repeat or rephrase, or offer him or her a pen and paper.

20. People with Learning Disabilities

Put instructions and important information in writing if the person has auditory and/or short term memory difficulties Use hands on training Break down complicated tasks into line items with check boxes Supply notebooks, file cabinet and other organizing and note taking aids Provide a quiet work environment Text to speech software if needed Remember that this person has normal or above normal intelligence.