8most famous supreme Court cases

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The Supreme Court of the United States handles the most important court cases in our country, so famous Supreme Court decisions have helped shape our country’s history. The Court has tremendous powers to impact laws that everyday citizens will abide by for years to come. And while most of these decisions didn’t involve any use of legal document solutions or docketing software, these 8 decisions (and a bonus) have impacted the history of the United States. That’s why it’s valuable to learn about and from landmark Supreme Court cases that changed the way Americans live. Let’s take a look at a few of these important and interesting Supreme Court cases.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Long before there were mobile apps for lawyers, Marbury v. Madison was one of the most important Supreme Court cases because it established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review (the right to declare a law unconstitutional) over Congress. It also helped define the boundary between the executive and judicial branches of the United States government.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

McCulloch v. Maryland is one of the more famous Supreme Court cases because it established the federal government’s implied powers over states. The Supreme Court made the decision when the state of Maryland began imposing a tax on all bank notes not chartered by Maryland. Because the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank existing in Maryland at the time, it was interpreted as an attack on the federal bank. Therefore, the tax law was ruled unconstitutional because it was an attempt to violate the powers of the federal government in one of the Supreme Court’s earlier landmark cases.

Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

list of famous court cases must include Gideon v. Wainwright because it established the right of a criminal defendant to have an attorney even if they could not personally afford to pay for one. In this famous Supreme Court case, the Court unanimously ruled that due to the Fifth and Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, states are required to provide an attorney to defendants who cannot afford to pay for one.
The case involved a burglary where the person charged was denied the right to an attorney just because they couldn’t afford to pay for one. After being charged with the crime of burglary, Gideon (the person charged) arrived at the courthouse too poor to pay for counsel. Here’s what happened:

The case involved a burglary where the person charged was denied the right to an attorney just because they couldn’t afford to pay for one. After being charged with the crime of burglary, Gideon (the person charged) arrived at the courthouse too poor to pay for counsel. Here’s what happened:

The COURT: Mr. Gideon, I am sorry, but I cannot appoint counsel to represent you in this case. Under the laws of the State of Florida, the only time the court can appoint counsel to represent a defendant is when that person is charged with a capital offense. I am sorry, but I will have to deny your request to appoint counsel to defend you in this case.

GIDEON: The United States Supreme Court says I am entitled to be represented by counsel.

The Florida court declined to appoint counsel for Gideon. As a result, he was forced to act as his own counsel and conduct his own defense in court, emphasizing his innocence in the case. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury returned a guilty verdict. The court sentenced Gideon to serve five years in the state prison.

After being convicted, Gideon appealed to the United States Supreme Court that his Sixth Amendment rights had been violated. Eventually, the Supreme Court ruled that counsel must be provided to defendants who can’t afford an attorney, and, as a result of that ruling, over 2,000 previously convicted people were released from Florida’s prisons. Today, indigent prisoners are appointed lawyers so that they can get a fair trial in court.

Miranda v. Arizona, 1966

Miranda v. Arizona was an important and landmark Supreme Court case that established the requirement that police advise people in custody of their rights before questioning them. This important Supreme Court case has had a significant impact on how American law enforcement operates. What is now known as Miranda rights are an essential part of police procedure in every state and city/town. This was a very controversial Supreme Court case at the time, as the court was split (5-4).

Loving v. Virginia, 1967 (9-0 decision)

Loving v. Virginia didn’t involve family lawyer software but was definitely considered one of the landmark court cases, as it invalidated laws forbidding interracial marriage. The case was brought by Mildred Loving (a black woman) and Richard Loving (a white man) who were sentenced to one year in prison for marrying each other, which was against the law in Virginia. The state of Virginia had a “Racial Integrity” law that prohibited marriages between whites and blacks. This famous Supreme Court case found these “anti-miscegenation” laws to be unconstitutional.

Roe v. Wade, 1973

Roe v. Wade might be one of the most famous and controversial U.S. Supreme Court cases in history, with its ruling permeating our U.S. politics to this day. Roe v. Wade determined that the right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment extended to a woman’s decision to have an abortion. The controversial Supreme Court case also established that the right of woman to have an abortion was limited to the third trimester of pregnancy. But in the subsequent Supreme Court case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the Court determined that a woman has a right to abortion until fetal viability–the ability of the fetus to live outside the woman’s body. Considered one of the more controversial Supreme Court cases, Roe v. Wade struck down many abortion restrictions created by states. New restrictions have arisen since, and the right to abortion has been consistently challenged by opponents since 1973.

United States v. Nixon, 1974

United States v. Nixon is also on our list of 8 of the most important Supreme Court cases. It prohibited sitting Presidents from using their executive powers to withhold evidence during a criminal investigation. The Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. President could not claim executive privilege to withhold evidence being requested by a court during a criminal investigation. In the case, President Nixon was embroiled in the Watergate scandal and was facing impeachment. A lower court requested copies of tapes that they determined included incriminating evidence against people under investigation and possibly the president himself. When President Nixon refused to deliver the tapes, the Supreme Court ruled that he had no rights to invoke his executive privilege in a criminal case.

Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015

Obergefell v. Hodges was a landmark Supreme Court case that held same-sex couples had a fundamental right to marry as guaranteed by the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The famous Supreme Court case made it possible for same-sex couples to get married in all fifty states, and the ruling required all fifty states to lawfully perform and recognize same-sex marriages on the same terms and conditions as opposite-sex marriages. This important case has been challenged by some states, but the Supreme Court has ruled that bans on same-sex marriages are unconstitutional.

BONUS: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954

Since our first release of this list of the most famous and controversial Supreme Court cases, we wanted to include one more that had a tremendous impact on society and our education system. Brown v. Board of Education is easily one of the most famous cases in our nation’s history. In it, the Supreme Court held that “separate but equal” had no place in public education. The Court effectively ended segregation in public schools saying that separate educational institutions provided inherently unequal educations for white and black students to the detriment of black students. To the Court, those black students were deprived of equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Consitution.

The Supreme Court continues to have a powerful influence on how laws are interpreted today. And Smokeball law firm practice management software can have a powerful influence on how you manage and run your practice. Sign up for your free demo and see why the most successful small law firms use Smokeball!

as a Senior Editor of the Wash. U. Law Review, held the prestigious Thompson Coburn Research Fellowship, served as Research Assistant to then-Vice-Dean (now Chancellor) Andrew D. Martin, and clerked at the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. He holds a B.A. in Political Science and a B.M. in Music Performance with Honors Scholar distinction from the University of Connecticut, making him a Huskies basketball fan through and through. Follow Josh’s activity on LinkedIn, and keep up with new articles on the Smokeball Blog.
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GOT-GameOfTrhones

1 1 "Winter Is Coming" Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 17, 2011 2.22[1]
In the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, a soldier of the ancient Night’s Watch order survives an attack by supernatural creatures known as the White Walkers, thought until now to be mythical. He attempts to abandon the order but is captured and sent to Castle Winterfell, which is ruled by Eddard "Ned" Stark, Warden of the North, who decapitates the soldier for desertion. In King’s Landing, the capital, Jon Arryn, the King’s Hand, dies under mysterious circumstances. King Robert Baratheon, Ned’s longtime friend, travels to Winterfell to offer the position to him and propose marriage between his firstborn son Joffrey and Ned’s older daughter Sansa. Ned’s wife Catelyn receives a letter from her sister Lysa, Arryn’s widow, saying that she has escaped King’s Landing and that Arryn was murdered by the Lannisters, Queen Cersei’s family. Catelyn burns the letter and tells Ned about it, believing that the Lannisters are plotting against Robert. Ned’s 10-year-old son, Brandon, climbs a tower, where he witnesses Cersei having sex with her twin brother, Jaime, who then pushes him out the window from a presumably fatal height. Meanwhile across the narrow sea in Essos, the exiled Prince Viserys Targaryen makes a deal with the Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo, who marries Viserys’ younger sister, Daenerys, in exchange for providing Viserys an army to conquer Westeros and reclaim the Iron Throne.
2 2 "The Kingsroad" Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 24, 2011 2.20[2]
Having accepted his new role as King’s Hand, Ned leaves Winterfell with his daughters Sansa and Arya, while Catelyn stays behind to tend to Bran. The unconscious Bran is attacked by an assassin, but his direwolf saves him. Catelyn decides to go to King’s Landing to tell Ned about the attempt and suspected Lannister involvement. Jon Snow, Ned’s illegitimate son, heads north to join the brotherhood of the Night’s Watch, protectors of the Wall that keeps the White Walkers and the wildlings from entering civilized Westeros. As a parting gift, Jon had given Arya a thin sword she later names "Needle." Tyrion Lannister, Cersei’s brother, decides to forgo the trip south with his family and instead accompanies Jon’s entourage to the Wall. When Joffrey threatens Arya and her friend, Arya’s direwolf defends her, provoking a conflict between the Starks and the Lannisters. To resolve the conflict, Cersei demands that Robert order Ned to execute Arya’s direwolf, but as Arya has sent it away, to save it from retribution, Sansa’s direwolf is killed in its stead. In Winterfell, Brandon awakens from unconsciousness. Meanwhile, Daenerys focuses her attention on learning how to please Drogo.
3 3 "Lord Snow" Brian Kirk David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 1, 2011 2.44[3]
Ned joins the King’s Small Council at King’s Landing, capital of the Seven Kingdoms, and learns just how poorly Westeros is being managed. Catelyn tries to covertly warn her husband but is intercepted by an old friend, Councillor Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish. Bran learns he will never walk again. He does not remember the events leading to his fall. Jon struggles to adapt to life on the Wall, as he trains with a number of low-born recruits who are not impressed by his bloodline. Lord Commander Mormont asks Tyrion to plead with the King to send more men to the Night’s Watch. Daenerys learns that she is pregnant and begins to stand up to Viserys.
4 4 "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things" Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8, 2011 2.45[4]
Tyrion makes saddle modifications for Bran that will allow the paraplegic boy to ride. Ned searches for clues to the unexplained death of his mentor and predecessor Arryn and, in the process, discovers King Robert’s illegitimate son. Robert and his guests witness a tournament honoring Ned. Jon takes measures to protect Samwell Tarly, an awkward and friendless boy, from the abuse of the Night’s Watchmen. A frustrated Viserys clashes with his newly empowered sister. Sansa dreams of life as a queen, while Arya envisions a far different future. At a chance encounter in a roadside tavern, Catelyn rallies her father’s allies and has Tyrion arrested for conspiring to murder her son.
5 5 "The Wolf and the Lion" Brian Kirk David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 15, 2011 2.58[5]
Ned refuses to participate in Robert’s plan to assassinate the pregnant Daenerys Targaryen and resigns as Robert’s Hand, angering him. Catelyn and Tyrion (whom she has taken as her prisoner) arrive at her sister Lysa’s home in the Eyrie. News of Tyrion’s capture reaches King’s Landing where Jaime Lannister, the Queen’s twin brother, demands answers from Ned. A vengeful Jaime orders Ned’s men killed and fights Ned until Jaime’s man stabs Ned in the leg from behind, leaving him wounded.
6 6 "A Golden Crown" Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D. B. Weiss
Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 22, 2011 2.44[6]
Robert reappoints Ned as Hand and tasks him with running affairs until Robert returns from hunting. Villagers from Riverrun arrive in the throne room with news of atrocities committed by raiders, who Ned deduces were led by Gregor Clegane, a Lannister retainer. Ned sentences Gregor to death and sends a message to Tywin Lannister, summoning him to a trial. Ned decides to send Sansa (now reconciled with Joffrey) and Arya back to Winterfell. Ned discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are not Robert’s biological children. Bran, while out testing his new saddle, is attacked by Wildings. Robb, Ned’s oldest son, and Theon, Ned’s foster son whose father was a fallen rebel king, save him. In the Vale, Tyrion demands a trial by combat, which Lysa grants. She chooses Ser Vardis, and Tyrion asks for a champion. The sellsword (mercenary) Bronn volunteers, kills Vardis, and thereby obtains Tyrion’s release. Meanwhile, Viserys becomes enraged with Drogo for not honoring his promise and threatens to kill Daenerys’ unborn child. Drogo kills Viserys by pouring molten gold on his head.
7 7 "You Win or You Die" Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 29, 2011 2.40[7]
In King’s Landing, Ned tells Cersei he knows all of her children are Jaime’s. They soon learn that Robert has been critically wounded by a boar while hunting. A dying Robert names Ned as the "Protector of the Realm" to rule until Joffrey reaches the legal age. Ned sends a message to Stannis, Robert’s brother, intending to enthrone him since Robert has no true legal heirs. Ned tells Petyr Baelish about his plan and asks him to gain the loyalty of the City Watch, the only force capable of overpowering Lannister forces loyal to Cersei. After Robert’s death, Ned, Baelish and the City Watch confront Cersei and Joffrey in the throne room, where Baelish and the City Watch betray Ned and attack his men. At the Wall, Ned’s younger brother Benjen goes missing during a foray to the north, beyond the Wall. Jon and Sam are picked as stewards, with Jon assigned to Lord Commander Mormont. The stewards swear their loyalties to the Night’s Watch. In Essos, Robert’s assassin is captured before he can poison Daenerys. Drogo vows to conquer the Seven Kingdoms and give that realm to his son. He starts marching towards Westeros.
8 8 "The Pointy End" Daniel Minahan George R. R. Martin June 5, 2011 2.72[8]
Arya manages to escape the Red Keep after her Braavosian sword master delays the guards sent to arrest her, but Sansa is captured. Robb hears the news and prepares the Northern armies to fight the Lannisters, leaving Bran behind to rule Winterfell. Lysa refuses to fight the Lannisters, and Catelyn leaves to join Robb’s camp. Tyrion and Bronn are surrounded by Shagga and his men. Tyrion convinces them to escort them to Tywin, who will repay them. They arrive at Tywin’s camp, where the latter asks Shagga to help them in their confrontation with the Starks in exchange for even greater payment. Joffrey appoints Tywin as his Hand. Sansa begs Joffrey to show mercy upon Ned. Joffrey agrees if Ned publicly recognizes Joffrey’s claim to the throne and admits to having committed treason. At the Wall, some bodies affected by the White Walkers are found. One awakens as a wight, but Jon kills it. In Essos, Drogo’s soldiers begin attacking nearby settlements, enslaving locals in order to sell them and gain the money to buy the ships necessary to cross the Narrow Sea. During this time, Drogo receives a serious wound in a fight.
9 9 "Baelor" Alan Taylor David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 12, 2011 2.66[9]
The Stark army arrives at the Twins castle; Catelyn convinces Lord Frey to let them pass and assist them, in exchange for her agreeing to the marriage of Robb and Arya to Frey’s children in the future. Robb sacrifices 2,000 soldiers in a confrontation with the Lannister army, to capture Jaime. In a public hearing, Ned confesses to treason and publicly affirms Joffrey is rightful heir. However, rather than sentencing him to the Wall as had been negotiated, the vengeful Joffrey has him decapitated, while Sansa, and Cersei and other counselors object futilely. Sansa watches her father die, and Arya is present in the crowd. At the Wall, Jeor Mormont gives his family sword to Jon in gratitude, and Maester Aemon reveals to Jon that Aemon is a Targaryen. In Essos, Drogo’s wound becomes septic and his death imminent. Daenerys convinces a slave woman to use blood magic to save him. The woman tells everyone to leave the tent and stay outside until the spell is over. Daenerys goes into labor, and Jorah brings her into the forbidden tent seeking aid.
10 10 "Fire and Blood" Alan Taylor David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 19, 2011 3.04[10]
The North secedes from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaims Robb as their king. With Jaime captured by the Starks and Robert’s brothers challenging Joffrey’s claim to the throne, Tywin appoints Tyrion as acting King’s Hand, while Tywin fights to defend Joffrey’s reign. Jon plans to desert his post at the Wall to avenge Ned and support Robb, but his friends convince him to honor his oath and stay. Jon then joins a Night’s Watch expedition to find Benjen beyond the Wall. Yoren, a Night’s Watch recruiter, helps Arya escape King’s Landing disguised as a boy while Joffrey plans to make Sansa his queen despite her father’s execution. Daenerys learns that her unborn son is dead, and Drogo has been left in a vegetative state due to the witch’s treacherous magic. Daenerys ends Drogo’s life. She places her three dragon eggs next to Drogo and lights a funeral pyre. She burns the witch alive on Drogo’s pyre and walks into the flames herself. When the embers die the following morning, Daenerys rises, unharmed, flanked by three newborn dragons. Jorah and other witnesses kneel before her.

No.
overall No. in
season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers
(millions)
11 1 "The North Remembers" Alan Taylor David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 1, 2012 3.86[1]
To Cersei’s dismay, Tyrion becomes acting Hand of the King at King’s Landing. At Dragonstone, Stannis proclaims allegiance to Melisandre’s God of the Light, and publicly claims the Iron Throne. He also reveals Joffrey’s bastardy. Joffrey orders Robert’s bastard sons to be slaughtered. One, Gendry, escapes King’s Landing with Arya. Having won three victories, Robb offers the Lannisters peace in exchange for the North’s independence and Sansa’s safe return. He sends Theon to gain Balon Greyjoy’s support, and Catelyn is to seek an alliance with Renly Baratheon, who also claims the throne. Beyond the Wall, the Night’s Watch finds shelter with Craster and his daughters/wives. In Essos, as her people slowly die in the Red Waste, Daenerys dispatches riders to conduct reconnaissance.
12 2 "The Night Lands" Alan Taylor David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 8, 2012 3.76[2]
Returning to Pyke Island after nine years as the Starks’ ward, Theon is reunited with his sister, Yara, and his father, Balon, who despises Theon for his Northern ways. Balon intends to win back his crown by force. Cersei rejects Robb’s terms, and Tyrion exiles Slynt, head of the Gold Cloaks, to the Wall, and promotes Bronn to Commander of the Watch. On the road to the Wall, Arya reveals her true identity to Gendry. North of the Wall, Samwell Tarly is approached by Gilly, one of Craster’s daughters. Gilly, pregnant, fears for her unborn child if it is a boy; Jon Snow is reluctant to render help, despite Sam’s pleas. In the Red Waste, a horse returns to Daenerys with its rider’s severed head in a pouch, a message from her enemies. In Dragonstone, Davos, Stannis’ henchman, recruits the pirate Salladhor Saan to Stannis’ side. Stannis has sex with Melisandre, attempting to obtain the son his wife is unable to give him. Jon discovers that Craster sacrifices his sons to the White Walkers; Craster catches him spying and knocks Jon unconscious.
13 3 "What Is Dead May Never Die" Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15, 2012 3.77[3]
Catelyn arrives at Renly’s camp to negotiate an alliance. The female warrior, Brienne of Tarth, wins the right to join Renly’s king’s guard through combat. Renly has recently wed Margaery Tyrell, Loras’s sister, but has avoided consummating their marriage due to his homosexuality and relationship with Loras. In the Iron Islands, Balon plans an attack on the North, led by Yara. After burning a letter warning Robb of Balon’s impending attack, Theon affirms his allegiance to the Greyjoy family in a water-based ceremony. In King’s Landing, Tyrion imprisons Pycelle after learning he is Cersei’s informant. Tyrion assigns his lover, Shae, to be Sansa’s handmaiden, both to protect Shae and watch Sansa. Beyond the Wall, Craster demands the Night’s Watchmen leave. Jon discovers that Jeor already knew about Craster’s crimes. On the road to the wall, the band of Night’s Watch recruits are attacked by Lannister soldiers searching for Gendry. Yoren is killed, and Arya is taken prisoner. To protect Gendry, Arya falsely states soldiers killed him.
14 4 "Garden of Bones" David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22, 2012 3.65[4]
Catelyn attempts to convince the Baratheon brothers to unite against the Lannisters, but Stannis demands Renly’s submission to his authority. Baelish visits Catelyn and offers to trade Jaime for her daughters. Melisandre gives birth to a shadow creature. Joffrey abuses Sansa in revenge for Robb’s victories. Tyrion intervenes, resulting in Joffrey’s cruel retaliation against the two prostitutes Tyrion had sent him as "gifts". Tyrion releases Pycelle, but dismisses him from the Small Council. Tyrion also discovers Cersei’s incestuous relationship with their cousin, Lancel. He then blackmails Lancel into spying on Cersei, threatening to reveal the relationship to Joffrey. Arya and Gendry are taken to Harrenhal castle as captives. Prisoners are tortured until death until Tywin arrives and halts it, demanding the prisoners be used as labor. Recognizing that Arya is a girl, he makes her his servant, though without knowing her true identity. After an exhausting journey through the desert, Daenerys and her caravan arrive at the prosperous city of Qarth. Daxos, a member of the Council of Thirteen, persuades fellow council members to allow Daenerys and her retinue to enter the city.
15 5 "The Ghost of Harrenhal" David Petrarca David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 29, 2012 3.90[5]
H’ghar, one of the three caged prisoners Arya saved, pledges to kill any three people she chooses to repay his debt to her. Her first choice is the Tickler, the man who mortally tortures the captives. Renly is killed by Melisandre’s shadowy assassin. Catelyn and Brienne are accused of the murder and flee the camp. Excluding the Tyrells, Renly’s forces submit to Stannis. Brienne swears loyalty to Catelyn. Theon sails from Pyke, intending to prove he is a true Ironborn. He plans to capture Winterfell while Robb is absent. Lancel tells Tyrion about wildfire, a mass-produced explosive substance intended to destroy Stannis’ fleet and army during the impending siege. Tyrion takes control of the scheme. The Night’s Watch arrives at an ancient fortress called the Fist of the First Men. Jeor allows Jon to join the team led by a veteran named Halfhand, in order to kill the enemy leader. In Qarth, Daxos proposes marriage to Daenerys in exchange for providing her his wealth to conquer the Seven Kingdoms. Jorah convinces her to instead gain the Westerosi peoples’ support.
16 6 "The Old Gods and the New" David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6, 2012 3.88[6]
Myrcella, Cersei’s daughter, is sent to Dorn for protection. Theon takes Winterfell and executes Cassel, a henchman, for insulting him. Osha, the captured Wildling, helps Brandon and Rickon escape. Robb reunites with the healer Maegyr. At the Fist of the First Men, Jon captures a Wildling named Ygritte, but is separated from his patrol when he pursues her after she escapes. Joffrey incites a riot at King’s Landing, in which he is nearly killed and Sansa almost raped. Tywin allows Baelish to seek the Tyrells’ allegiance. Arya has H’ghar kill an officer who becomes suspicious of her. Robb receives news about Theon and sends men to retake Winterfell. At Qarth, Daenerys works to procure a ship to transport an army to Westeros, all the while keeping Daxos at bay. Daenerys’ dragons are stolen.
17 7 "A Man Without Honor" David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 13, 2012 3.69[7]
Theon hunts for Brandon and Rickon. Tywin has Harrenhal searched for his officer’s killer. Jon has captured Ygritte but she escapes again, leading him into a trap. Still shaken from the riot, Sansa is horrified that she has begun menstruating and can thus bear Joffrey’s children. Cersei warns her to love no one but her children, not even Joffrey. In Robb’s camp, a failed escape attempt by Jaime leaves a guard dead and some soldiers seeking retribution. In Qarth, the warlock Pree reveals to Daenerys that he stole her dragons; he offers her the opportunity to reunite with them before slaughtering the Council of Thirteen and establishing Daxos as the king. Theon presents the charred corpses of two farm boys to Luwin and his subjects, falsely claiming they are Brandon and Rickon.
18 8 "The Prince of Winterfell" Alan Taylor David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 20, 2012 3.86[8]
Robb learns that Catelyn secretly freed Jaime, who is now being escorted by Brienne to ransom him for Sansa and Arya; Robb confines his mother to her tent and sends men to find Jaime. Robb begins a romantic relationship with Talisa. Yara arrives at Winterfell to return Theon to Pyke. She criticizes him for taking Winterfell when it provided no strategic advantage. Tywin leaves Harrenhal to attack Robb, which allows Arya, Gendry, and their friend, Hot Pie to escape with H’ghar’s help. In King’s Landing, Cersei attempts to blackmail Tyrion by abducting Ros, whom the former believes is his secret lover. En route to King’s Landing, Stannis promises to make Davos his Hand of the King. Beyond the Wall, the Wildling leader, "Rattleshirt", leads the captured Jon and Halfhand to his king, Mance Rayder. At the Fist of the First Men, the brothers of the Night’s Watch find a hidden cache of dragonglass. In Qarth, Jorah agrees to accompany Daenerys into the House of the Undying to retrieve her dragons. Brandon and Rickon are revealed to be alive and hiding in Winterfell.
19 9 "Blackwater" Neil Marshall George R. R. Martin May 27, 2012 3.38[9]
Stannis’ fleet assaults King’s Landing. Leading the defense, Tyrion destroys many attacking ships with wildfire, forcing Stannis to attack on land. Sandor Clegane leads the defense outside the gate, but is defeated and retreats inside, denouncing Joffrey and leaving. Joffrey also escapes. Tyrion convinces the Gold Cloaks to fight with him. Stannis’ forces enter the castle, but Tyrion leads his men behind the Stannis’ forces via underground tunnels and mounts a rearguard attack. Cersei goes to the throne room with Tommen, intending to kill him before he can be captured. Shae convinces Sansa to go to her chamber. Sandor offers to take Sans to Winterfell, but she decides to stay. As Tyrion lies wounded and Cersei is about to poison Tommen, Tywin’s forces, joined by Loras, arrive and force Stannis to retreat.
20 10 "Valar Morghulis" Alan Taylor David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 3, 2012 4.20[10]
Joffrey sets Sansa aside to marry Margaery. Tyrion fears for his and Shae’s safety now that Tywin has replaced him as Hand and relieved Bronn from his command. Melisandre gives Stannis a new hope. Brienne and Jaime are spotted by three Stark soldiers, whom she kills. Catelyn fails to dissuade Robb from marrying Talisa when he is promised to wed one of Walder Fray’s daughters. In Qarth, Daenerys ventures into the House of the Undying and successfully retrieves her dragons, who kill Pree. She then seals Daxos inside his own vault and claims his wealth for herself. In Winterfell, Theon tries to convince his men to fight Robb’s army, but they knock him unconscious and leave. A dying Luwin convinces Brandon and Rickon to go to the Wall. Arya, having escaped Harrenhal with Hot Pie and Gendry, receives a valuable coin from H’ghar, who magically changes his face. North of the Wall, Halfhand forces Jon to kill him to prove his loyalty to the Wildlings. An army of White Walkers surrounds the Fist of the First Men, including Sam, who hides and watches them in horror.

No.
overall No. in
season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers
(millions)
21 1 "Valar Dohaeris" Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D. B. Weiss March 31, 2013 4.37[4]
Some of the Night’s Watchmen, including Samwell Tarly and Joer Mormont, survive the White Walkers’ attack and pledge to return to the Wall to warn the Seven Kingdoms. Jon Snow is brought before Rayder, the "King beyond the Wall", and pledges his loyalty to the Wildlings. A scarred Tyrion Lannister tries to get Casterly Rock from Tywin, who promises other things instead. Margaery Tyrell engages in charity work with the orphans of King’s Landing. Petyr Baelish offers to help Sansa Stark escape King’s Landing. Ros advises Shae not to trust him. Davos Seaworth is rescued by Saan, who does not want any more connections with Stannis Baratheon, and returns to Dragonstone, where he unsuccessfully tries to kill Melisandre, who blames him for convincing Stannis not to let her join the battle, and is imprisoned. In Essos, Daenerys Targaryen arrives in the city of Astapor to buy an army of brutally-trained slave soldiers, the "Unsullied". The warlocks of Qarth attempt to assassinate her, but she is saved by Selmy, the former Kingsguard commander, who pledges his loyalty.
22 2 "Dark Wings, Dark Words" Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7, 2013 4.27[5]
Brienne of Tarth continues escorting Jaime Lannister across the Riverlands to King’s Landing. He engages her in a fight, which is interrupted by Bolton soldiers. After receiving the news of the sack of Winterfell and the disappearance of his brothers Bran and Rickon, Robb Stark diverts his attention from the war against the Lannisters to attend Catelyn’s father’s funeral in Riverrun, angering Rickard Karstark, who seeks vengeance for his sons who were killed by the Lannisters. Arya Stark, Gendry and Hot Pie also make for Riverrun, but are waylaid by a rebel group, the "Brotherhood without Banners", and are taken to an inn, where the captured Sandor Clegane reveals Arya’s identity. Margaery and her grandmother Olenna, the "Queen of Thorns", convince Sansa to tell them about Joffrey’s flawed character. Theon Greyjoy is tortured by unknown captors. Bran, Rickon, Osha, and Hodor encounter the siblings Jojen and Meera, children of the Stark bannerman Howland Reed. Jojen, who has been sharing Bran’s strange dreams, tells him that he is a warg, able to enter the minds of animals.
23 3 "Walk of Punishment" David Benioff David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 14, 2013 4.72[6]
Robb and Catelyn attend the funeral in Riverrun. Tywin decides to send Baelish to Lysa intending to have them married in order to secure her alliance, making Tyrion the new Master of Coin. While Hot Pie decides to stay at the inn, Arya and Gendry follow the Brotherhood. Learning of the massacre at the Fist of the First Men, Rayder sends Jon with a band of Wildlings to scale the Wall and attack the Watch while it is weakened. The surviving men of the Night’s Watch arrive back at Craster’s Keep, where Sam witnesses Gilly give birth to a son. Theon is freed from torture and captivity by an unknown man, who later rescues him again. Melisandre leaves Dragonstone for an unknown mission, stating that the blood of a King is required for victory. Daenerys agrees to buy all the 8,000 Unsullied and the translator Missandei for one of her dragons, against Selmy’s and Jorah’s advice. Jaime persuades his captor Locke not to let Brienne be raped, but Locke cuts off the former’s sword hand.
24 4 "And Now His Watch Is Ended" Alex Graves David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 21, 2013 4.87[7]
Theon is betrayed by the rescuer, who returns him to the prison for torture. After a failed escape attempt, Jaime believes that he is lost without his sword hand; but Brienne, knowing what he did for her, urges him not to give up hope. Varys tells Tyrion how he became a eunuch, and that he now has in his power the magician who castrated him, advising Tyrion to be patient for vengeance. At Craster’s keep, the surviving Night’s Watchmen, starving, come into conflict with their host. Craster and Mormont are slain in the struggle, and Sam flees with Gilly and her son. Arya and Gendry are taken to the secret cave of the Brotherhood, meeting their leader, Dondarrion, who later sentences Sandor to trial by combat with him. Margaery proposes marriage between Sansa and Loras. Daenerys meets with Kraznys to complete the trade of a dragon for the Unsullied army. She tests the Unsullied, then orders them to kill their former masters, reclaims her dragon and frees the Unsullied, who all decide to follow her freely.
25 5 "Kissed by Fire" Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28, 2013 5.35[8]
Tyrion convinces Olenna to pay for part of the royal wedding. Sansa tells Baelish about her decision to stay in King’s Landing. The Lannisters discover the Tyrells’ plot to marry off Sansa to Loras. To prevent the union, Tywin plans to marry Sansa to Tyrion, and Cersei to Loras, despite the siblings’ protests. Stannis confesses his infidelity to his wife, Selyse, who then tells him she already knows and approves of it. His daughter, Shireen, sneaks into the dungeon to visit Davos and starts teaching him to read. Sandor kills Dondarrion and is released. However, Dondarrion is resurrected seemingly by the power of the Lord of Light. Gendry decides to stay with the Brotherhood, and Thoros and Dondarrion plan to ransom Arya to Robb. After being delivered to Bolton, Jaime confesses to Brienne why he killed Aerys. Robb executes Karstark after the latter murders two captive Lannister boys. With the Karstarks abandoning him, Robb plans to make a desperate alliance with Frey. Jon succumbs to Ygritte’s seduction and breaks his vows. The Unsullied select a warrior called Grey Worm as their leader on Daenerys’ order.
26 6 "The Climb" Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 5, 2013 5.50[9]
In King’s Landing, Tywin coerces Olenna into agreeing to marry Loras to Cersei, who reveals to Tyrion that it was Joffrey who tried to have him killed during the siege. Tyrion confesses to Shae and Sansa about the upcoming marriage. Baelish tells Varys that he has caught Ros as Varys’ informant and has given her to Joffrey, who kills her. In the Riverlands, Melisandre buys Gendry from the Brotherhood, foretelling that Arya will kill many people. Robb makes a new deal with Frey by agreeing to give him Harrenhal and marry his uncle Edmure to Frey’s daughter, Roslin. Bolton plans to send Jaime to King’s Landing, but refuses to send Brienne with him. At an unknown location, the mysterious man continues to torture Theon. In the North, tension arises between Osha and Meera. Beyond the Wall, Sam continues his flight with Gilly and her son, while Jon and Ygritte manage to climb the Wall with two other Wildlings.
27 7 "The Bear and the Maiden Fair" Michelle MacLaren George R. R. Martin May 12, 2013 4.84[10]
In the North, Jojen tells Bran they must go beyond the Wall to find the raven, to Osha’s horror. Jon and Ygritte’s relationship deepens, making fellow Wildling Orell angry. Theon is emasculated by his torturer. Talisa reveals to Robb that she is pregnant. Arya runs away from the Brotherhood, only to be captured by Sandor. Melisandre reveals to Gendry that his father was Robert. Shae tells Tyrion that she will not continue their relationship once he marries Sansa. Tywin counsels Joffrey and discusses Daenerys with the former dismissing the danger she might pose. Daenerys reaches the city of Yunkai and declares war on them. Bolton departs Harrenhal for Edmure’s wedding while Jaime says farewell to Brienne and departs for King’s Landing. On the road, he finds out that Locke refused Brienne’s father’s ransom. Jaime returns to Harrenhal to find Brienne in a pit fighting a bear. He leaps in and saves Brienne and departs once more, this time with her.
28 8 "Second Sons" Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 19, 2013 5.13[11]
King’s Landing hosts Tyrion and Sansa’s wedding. Cersei shows displeasure upon Margaery and Loras. At the wedding feast Tyrion gets drunk and causes a scene, with Tywin demanding he make a baby soon. In their bedroom, Tyrion tells Sansa that they will not consummate their marriage until she wants to. Sandor reveals to Arya that they are heading for the Twins to ransom her to Robb. Stannis releases Davos, demanding he respect Melisandre, who arrives in Dragonstone with Gendry, whom she seduces and extracts blood from with three leeches. In a magical ritual, Stannis casts them into a fire naming three usurpers: Robb, Balon and Joffrey. Daenerys finds out that Yunkai has employed a mercenary company called the "Second Sons". One of the lieutenants named Naharis kills the other leaders and pledges his and the company’s loyalty to Daenerys. Sam and Gilly are attacked by a White Walker, whom the former destroys by the dragonglass dagger.
29 9 "The Rains of Castamere" David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 2, 2013 5.22[12]
Sam, Gilly and her son arrive at the Wall. During a thunderstorm, Bran enters Hodor’s mind to calm him down, an ability not possessed by any Wildling. Nearby, Jon refuses to kill a farmer, whom Ygritte kills before Jon is attacked by the other Wildlings. Bran uses his warg ability to save Jon, who kills Orell before escaping, leaving a furious Ygritte behind with chief Tormund. Osha, Rickon and his direwolf depart for the Last Hearth, while Bran and his remaining company plan to go beyond the Wall. Daenerys sends Jorah, Naharis and Grey Worm to infiltrate Yunkai and open the city gate for her army. Yunkai soon falls to her forces. Robb arrives at the Twins and apologizes to Walder, who appears to accept. Edmure marries Roslin and they leave to consummate before Walder’s men murder Catelyn, Talisa and most of the Stark bannermen, while Bolton, revealed as a Lannister loyalist, kills Robb. Arya also arrives at the Twins and witnesses a part of the massacre, but Sandor knocks her unconscious and carries her to safety.
30 10 "Mhysa" David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 9, 2013 5.39[13]
The mastermind of the massacre is revealed to be Tywin, who rewards House Frey with the Seat of Riverrun and appoints Bolton Warden of the North. Theon learns he was surrendered by his men in return for safe passage from Winterfell and that his captor is Ramsay, Bolton’s bastard. Against Balon’s wishes, Yara decides to rescue Theon. Arya and Sandor kill some Frey soldiers mocking Robb’s death. Arriving in the capital with Brienne, Jaime is reunited with Cersei. In the North, Tarly’s party encounters Bran’s and gives them the dragonglass weapons before arriving back at Castle Black, where he and Maester Aemon send ravens to alert the Seven Kingdoms about the White Walkers. Ygritte finds Jon and shoots him several times, but he manages to escape and returns to Castle Black. In Dragonstone, Davos helps Gendry escape, while Stannis decides to head north and aid the Watch against the White Walker threat, forgiving the former and keeping him. In Essos, the freed slaves of Yunkai receive Daenerys as their "mother".

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(millions)
31 1 "Two Swords" D. B. Weiss David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 6, 2014 6.64[3]
Tywin oversees the reforging of Ice, the Stark ancestral Valyrian steel sword, into two new ones. One is for Jaime, who grieves the loss of his sword hand and Cersei’s love, and the other is for King Joffrey as a wedding present and that he names, Widow’s Wail. Prince Oberyn Martell, on behalf of his brother, Prince Doran of Dorne, arrives in King’s Landing with his paramour, Ellaria Sand, to attend the royal wedding and is welcomed by Tyrion. Oberyn tells Tyrion the motive for his visit: revenge against the Lannisters for raping and murdering his sister, Elia, wife of Prince Rhaegar. In the North, while Styr and the cannibalistic Thenns reinforce Tormund, Ygritte, and the other Wildlings, Jon is released by Maester Aemon after confessing his actions while with the wildlings to gain information. In the Riverlands, Arya and the Hound reclaim her sword, Needle, from Polliver, killing him. In Essos, Daenerys marches her army towards Meereen, the last of the three great slave cities; she is troubled that her growing dragons are becoming less tame.
32 2 "The Lion and the Rose" Alex Graves George R. R. Martin April 13, 2014 6.31[4]
Roose Bolton returns to the Dreadfort. He criticizes Ramsay for abusing Theon, who has been brutalized into a subservient persona called ‘Reek’. Roose wants to find and kill the remaining Stark children, Bran and Rickon, who threaten his new title’s legitimacy. He orders Ramsay to reclaim the territories under Ironborn occupation. In Dragonstone, Melisandre has several people burned to death as a tribute to the Lord of Light, to the delight of Queen Selyse and disgusting Davos and Shireen. To protect Shae from his family, Tyrion arranges to send her to Pentos. Bronn coaches Jaime in left-handed swordplay. King Joffrey and Margaery Tyrell are wed. During the Royal Wedding feast, tensions between Joffrey and Tyrion escalate just before Joffrey succumbs to poisoned wine and dies. A distraught Cersei has Tyrion arrested for his murder, while Ser Dontos, a former knight, persuades Sansa to leave the feast with him for her protection.
33 3 "Breaker of Chains" Alex Graves David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 20, 2014 6.59[5]
Tywin grooms Tommen to be the new king and enlists Oberyn and Mace Tyrell as his fellow judges for Tyrion’s impending murder trial. Tyrion chooses Jaime as his witness. Littlefinger, who hired Ser Dontos to retrieve Sansa, has him killed and smuggles her out of King’s Landing. In the Riverlands, Arya and Sandor encounter a benevolent peasant farmer and his daughter, whom Sandor later robs, angering Arya. In Dragonstone, Davos, needing to replenish Stannis’ depleted forces, wants to request a loan from the Iron Bank of Braavos to hire mercenaries called the "Golden Company". In the North, Sam fears for Gilly’s safety and moves her and Little Sama to nearby Mole’s Town. Meanwhile, the Wildlings continue to raid northern villages. The Night’s Watch receives word that the mutineers are camped at Craster’s Keep. Jon proposes sending a detail to find and attack the mutineers to prevent Castle Black’s defense weaknesses being leaked to Mance Rayder’s approaching army. Daenerys lays siege to Meereen.
34 4 "Oathkeeper" Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27, 2014 6.95[6]
Daenerys successfully captures Meereen amidst a slave revolt and immediately seeks justice for the slain slave children by nailing 163 masters to road posts. At sea, Littlefinger reveals his complicity in Joffrey’s death to Sansa. Before leaving King’s Landing, Olenna implies to Margaery that she poisoned Joffrey. She wants Margaery to marry Tommen before Cersei can turn him against her. Jaime believes Tyrion is innocent, but Cersei is adamant he is guilty and orders Jaime to find and kill Sansa. Jaime instead tasks Brienne with finding and protecting Sansa, first presenting her with a new suit of armor and his Valyrian sword, that she names Oath Keeper. Podrick is to be her squire. In the North, in an effort to eliminate Jon, Alliser Thorne and Janos Slynt conspire to have Jon lead an expedition against the mutineers, who have captured Bran and his companions and forced him to reveal his identity. Further north, a White Walker takes Craster’s last newborn son to a secret ritual site where he is transformed into a Walker.
35 5 "First of His Name" Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 4, 2014 7.16[7]
Tommen is crowned king. Cersei meets with Margaery, Tywin, and Oberyn, hoping to sway them to her advantage in Tyrion’s coming trial. In the Vale, Littlefinger takes Sansa to the Eyrie, where she poses as his niece. Lysa Arryn pressures Littlefinger to marry her that same day. It is revealed that Littlefinger and Lysa killed Jon Arryn and framed the Lannisters. On the Kingsroad, the Hound catches Arya practicing her water dancing and mocks it and Syrios Forell’s fighting style, angering Arya. On the road, Brienne learns that Podrick lacks practical squiring skills but is impressed he killed a Kingsguard to protect Tyrion. Beyond the Wall, Jon’s group find and attack the mutineers. Locke attempts to kidnap Bran in the confusion but Hodor, warged into by Bran, kills him. Bran and his companions continue their trek north while Jon’s men execute the mutineers and burn Craster’s Keep. In Meereen, after Jorah informs Daenerys that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery, she postpones invading Westeros to bring order to Slaver’s Bay and pronounces herself queen.
36 6 "The Laws of Gods and Men" Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11, 2014 6.40[8]
In Essos, Davos asks the Iron Bank to financially back Stannis while also reasserting Salladhor Saan and his pirates to Stannis’ cause. In Meereen, Daenerys adapts to her new role as queen, hearing her subects many requests, including nobleman Hizdahr zo Loraq, and a peasant man whose goats were killed by Daenerys’ increasingly uncontrollable dragons. In the Dreadfort, Yara leads a mission to rescue Theon, who, emotionally broken, panics and refuses to leave, forcing Yara to abandon him. Ramsay rewards Theon’s obedience and, in order to take Moat Cailin, tasks "Reek" to pretend to be "Theon". In King’s Landing, Tywin puts a bounty on the Hound’s head and instructs Varys to continue spying on Daenerys. Tyrion is tried for Joffrey’s murder. All the witnesses testify against him, including Ser Meryn Trant, Grand Maester Pycelle, Cersei, and Varys, who give compelling though tangential testimony. To Tyrion’s shock, Shae gives a false but convincing testimony against him. Angry, humiliated, and defeated, Tyrion demands a trial by combat.
37 7 "Mockingbird" Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 18, 2014 7.20[9]
Cersei appoints Ser Gregor Clegane as her champion in Tyrion’s upcoming trial by combat. Jaime and Bronn decline to fight Ser Gregor for Tyrion but Oberyn accepts. He seeks to avenge his sister, Elia, who was raped and killed by Ser Gregor during the rebellion. Daenerys takes Daario as her lover, then sends him to deal with the resurgent slavers at Yunkai. Melisandre and Selyse prepare to depart Dragonstone, intending to take Shireen with them. As the Wildlings approach, Alliser Thorne rejects Jon’s suggestion to seal the tunnel. Brienne and Podrick meet Hot Pie who updates them about Arya. They resolve to travel to the Vale, deducing she would seek her living relatives there. In the Vale, Lysa is enraged when she witnesses Littlefinger kissing Sansa. Later, she threatens to throw Sansa through the Moon Door, but Littlefinger intervenes and shoves Lysa to her death.
38 8 "The Mountain and the Viper" Alex Graves David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 1, 2014 7.17[10]
The Wildlings attack Mole’s Town. Gilly, hiding, is discovered by Ygritte, who spares her and Little Sam. Ramsay forces Theon to negotiate with the Ironborn to surrender Moat Cailin. The Ironborn surrender, hoping to return home, but Ramsay flays and slaughters them. As a reward for securing Moat Cailin, Roose legitimizes Ramsay as a Bolton, making him his heir. In the Vale, Sansa tells the council investigating Lysa’s death her true identity and claims that Littlefinger is innocent of murdering her aunt. While Littlefinger starts grooming Lysa’s son, Robin Arryn, as the Lord of the Vale, the Hound and Arya arrive and are informed of Lysa’s death. In King’s Landing, the trial by combat begins. Oberyn gains the upper hand but momentarily relaxes his guard while demanding that Ser Gregor confess his crimes. Ser Gregor trips Oberyn and crushes his skull while admitting he raped and murdered Elia. Tywin sentences Tyrion to death. In Essos, Barristan Selmy intercepts a letter for Jorah that pardons him as a reward for spying on Daenerys. She exiles him from Meereen as a result.
39 9 "The Watchers on the Wall" Neil Marshall David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 8, 2014 6.95[11]
The Night’s Watch prepares for the Wildling invasion. Gilly and Little Sam arrive at Castle Black, where Sam hides them. The Wildlings attack from both sides of the wall. Tormund’s army breaks through from the south and engages the Night’s Watch. A giant breaches the tunnel into Castle Black but is killed by Grenn and five others, at the cost of their own lives. Alliser Thorne goes to fight in the southern part, leaving Janos Slynt in charge. However, Slynt is incompetent and is tricked into going down the main level, effectively leaving Jon in charge. After seeing Jon kill Styr, Ygritte aims her bow at him but hesitates, and is fatally shot by Olly. Assisted by Ghost, Jon’s direwolf, the Night’s Watch secure Castle Black’s inner level, leading to Tormund’s arrest. The wall climbers are obliterated by a massive scythe. The Wildlings retreat though Jon predicts their return. Jon goes beyond the Wall to find and kill Mance Rayder.
40 10 "The Children" Alex Graves David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 15, 2014 7.09[12]
Jon’s negotiation with Mance Rayder is interrupted when Stannis and his army overrun the Wildling camp, taking Mance prisoner. Bran’s group comes upon the large heart tree from his visions but is attacked by skeletal beasts who kill Jojen; a Child of the Forest saves the others and takes them to the Three-eyed Raven, revealed to be an old man encased within a tree inside a cave. In the Vale, Brienne and Podrick encounter Arya and the Hound, whom Brienne engages and critically wounds. The Hound begs Arya to kill him, but she takes his money and leaves him for dead. Now on her own, she boards a ship headed to Braavos to find Jaqen H’ghar. Meanwhile, in King’s Landing, Cersei orders Qyburn to save Ser Gregor, who was poisoned by Oberyn’s blade. Jaime releases Tyrion who later finds Shae in Tywin’s bed and fatally strangles her. He then confronts and kills Tywin in the privy. He escapes the city with Varys. In Meereen, a citizen brings Daenerys his daughter’s charred remains, burned by dragon fire. Daenerys chains Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs, though Drogon remains at large.
Cast
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season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers
(millions)
41 1 "The Wars to Come" Michael Slovis David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 12, 2015 8.00[9]
In a flashback, a witch foretells a teenage Cersei that she will one day be a queen until someone younger and more beautiful takes everything from her. In the present, Tywin is buried and Lancel returns, now a devoutly religious man and a member of the "Sparrows". In Pentos, a despondent Tyrion agrees to accompany Varys to Meereen to support Daenerys’s claim to the Iron Throne. In Meereen, the insurgent "Sons of the Harpy" murder an Unsullied, forcing Daenerys to launch more restrictive measures without respecting the old traditions. Missandei becomes suspicious after learning that some Unsullied visit brothels. Daenerys visits her confined dragons who act aggressively toward her. In the Vale, Littlefinger puts Robin in House Royce’s care when he leaves with Sansa. At the Wall, Stannis seeks to recruit the Wildlings in his war against Roose. Jon is unable to convince Rayder to accept Stannis’s authority. When Stannis has Mance burned alive, Jon ends his suffering with an arrow to the heart.
42 2 "The House of Black and White" Michael Slovis David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 19, 2015 6.81[10]
Arya arrives in Braavos and is accepted into the "House of Black and White" by Jaqen H’ghar, who calls himself and his colleagues, "no one". Jaime and Bronn travel to Dorne to secretly retrieve Myrcella, who is betrothed to Trystane, Prince Doran’s son. Podrick recognises Littlefinger and Sansa in a tavern; Brienne offers Sansa her protection, but is rebuffed. Littlefinger insists Brienne stay with them, but she refuses and escapes with Podrick. However, she secretly follows Sansa. Stannis offers Jon legitimacy and lordship of Winterfell if he leaves the Night’s Watch and supports him, but Jon declines; Samwell nominates Jon as Lord Commander, who is elected by Aemon’s casting vote. Daenerys faces a riot after executing a former slave who murdered a captured member of the Sons of the Harpy prior to his trial. Drogon reappears, but soon leaves.
43 3 "High Sparrow" Mark Mylod David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 26, 2015 6.71[11]
Margaery, newly wed to Tommen, manipulates him to consider sending Cersei to Casterly Rock to eliminate her interference. Littlefinger takes Sansa to Winterfell to cement an alliance with Roose Bolton through marriage to his son, Ramsay, without the Lannisters’ knowledge. Brienne begins training Podrick in swordsmanship. To conform to the House of Black and White, Arya tosses her personal effects into the harbor excepting Needle, which she hides in a pile of rocks. At Castle Black, Jon names Thorne First Ranger, but when Slynt disobeys his orders, Jon executes him. Lancel discovers the High Septon in a compromising situation in a brothel, then forces him to walk the streets nude as punishment. The High Septon complains to Cersei, who imprisons him instead. She meets the High Sparrow, approving the Sparrows’ actions. Tyrion and Varys arrive in Volantis and visit a brothel, where Tyrion is abducted by Jorah, intending to give him "to the queen".
44 4 "Sons of the Harpy" Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3, 2015 6.82[12]
Cersei authorizes forming the Faith Militant, who then arrest Loras. Margaery is enraged, but Tommen proves too weak to countermand them. Melisandre attempts to seduce Jon as a means to convince him to accompany Stannis to Winterfell. In Winterfell, Littlefinger prepares to return to King’s Landing. Before leaving, he dispels Sansa’s misgivings about Ramsay, saying that even if Stannis fails to defeat the Boltons and rescue her, she can easily manipulate Ramsay. Bronn and Jaime secretly land in Dorne to retrieve Myrcella, but a sea captain informs the Sand Snakes; Ellaria wants the Sand Snakes to avenge Oberyn’s death by abducting Myrcella. Jorah intends to redeem himself to Daenerys by giving her Tyrion as a prisoner. In Meereen, Loraq makes another appeal to reopen the fighting pits; the Sons of the Harpy ambush an Unsullied patrol inside the citadel, critically wounding Grey Worm and killing Selmy.
45 5 "Kill the Boy" Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10, 2015 6.56[13]
Brienne and Podrick arrive at an inn near Winterfell and smuggle a message to Sansa, offering her help if it is needed. When Sansa discovers Theon is at Winterfell, Ramsay forces him to apologize to her for betraying the Starks. At the Wall, Tormund accepts an alliance with the Night’s Watch that allows Wildlings to settle south of the Wall. Jon and Tormund travel to Hardhome to meet with the Wildlings. Stannis’s army leaves for Winterfell, taking Selyse and Shireen with them. In Meereen, as Grey Worm recuperates, he and Misandei develop a romantic relationship. Daenerys feeds a Meereenese nobleman to her dragons, Viserion and Rhaegal, and imprisons the others. She later agrees to reopen the fighting pits and weds Loraq to facilitate peace. At sea, Tyrion and Jorah sail through Valyria, seeing Drogon flying overhead. They are attacked by stone men and escape, but Mormont is infected with greyscale.
46 6 "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken" Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17, 2015 6.24[14]
H’ghar takes Arya to a chamber filled with faces of those who died in the House of Black and White. Jaime and Bronn reach the Water Gardens and find Myrcella. The Sand Snakes attack them but Dornish guards arrive and arrest everyone. Jorah and Tyrion run into slavers, whom Tyrion convinces to take them to the fighting pits of Meereen. Littlefinger informs Cersei that Roose plans to marry Sansa to Ramsay. Cersei allows Littlefinger to lead the knights of the Vale to Winterfell to defeat whichever side wins the conflict between Roose and Stannis. In return, Littlefinger will be named Warden of the North. Olenna arrives in King’s Landing and warns Cersei that imprisoning Loras has jeopardized their alliance. At Loras’ inquest, Loras and Margaery both deny his homosexuality. The male prostitute, Olyvar, contradicts their testimony, and Margaery is arrested for lying to the gods. In Winterfell, Sansa weds Ramsay, who then rapes her in front of a horrified Theon.
47 7 "The Gift" Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 24, 2015 5.40[15]
Jon leaves for Hardhome with Tormund and some rangers. Aemon dies shortly after. Gilly is attacked by two Watchmen. Samwell intervenes and is overpowered until Ghost threatens them. Samwell and Gilly consummate their romantic relationship. Sansa begs Theon to help her escape Winterfell, but he instead informs Ramsay, who then flays Brienne’s informant inside Winterfell. At Stannis’ army’s camp, Melisandre wants to sacrifice Shireen to gain the God of Lights favor, which Stannis refuses. Jorah and Tyrion are sold to slaver Qaggaz and are taken to Daznak’s fighting pit. Daenerys and her consort, Loraq, inspect the pit in preparation for the upcoming games. Jorah defeats the other fighters and reveals his identity to her and that he has brought Tyrion as a "gift". In Dorne, Myrcella tells Jaime she wants to wed Trystane, Doran’s son. The High Sparrow denies Olenna’s demand that Loras and Margaery be released. The High Sparrow arrests Cersei for her earlier incestuous relationship with Lancel.
48 8 "Hardhome" Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 31, 2015 7.01[16]
Cersei’s uncle, Kevan, is appointed as the Hand of the King. Cersei is denied water to force a confession, which she refuses to give. H’ghar tasks Arya to study a marine insurance vendor who has defrauded beneficiaries. Disguised as a shellfish peddler, she is to learn about the insurer and then poison him. Theon tells Sansa that he faked killing Brandon and Rickon. Ramsay asks Roose for twenty men to attack Stannis’ camp. In Meereen, Tyrion convinces Daenerys to spare Jorah’s life; she spares him but exiles him again. Jorah returns to Yezzan and asks to fight in the pits. Daenerys accepts Tyrion into her council. Arriving in Hardhome, Jon and Tormund recruit five thousand Wildlings but an army of wights attacks them. Jon kills a White Walker with Longclaw, his Valyrian steel sword. As he, Tormund, and the other survivors escape by sea, they witness the Night King reanimating the dead Wildlings as wights.
49 9 "The Dance of Dragons" David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 7, 2015 7.14[17]
Ramsay leads a covert attack on Stannis’ camp, destroying the siege equipment, food stores, and killing many horses. After sending Davos to the Wall to request more supplies, Stannis allows Melisandre to sacrifice Shireen, burning her alive at the stake, ignoring her pleas and Selyse’s objections. Jon and the other survivors return to the Wall, allowing the Wildlings to pass South. In Dorne, Doran permits Jaime and Bronn to return to King’s Landing with Myrcella, provided Trystane accompanies them and serves on the small council in Oberyn’s stead. Doran also pardons Ellaria and her daughters. In Braavos, Arya spots Trant accompanying Mace Tyrell, Margaery’s father and the Master of Coin. In Meereen, combats at Daznak’s fighting pit begin. Daenerys is stunned that Jorah is amongst the combatants. His victory is interrupted when the Sons of the Harpy launch a surprise attack. They quickly surround Daenerys and her supporters, including Jorah. Drogon suddenly arrives; Daenerys mounts him and burns the Sons of the Harpy before flying away from the pit.
50 10 "Mother’s Mercy" David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 14, 2015 8.11[18]
Selyse hangs herself after Shireen’s sacrifice and half of Stannis’ forces desert. After Melisandre flees to Castle Black, Stannis is defeated by the Boltons and subsequently executed by Brienne. Sansa and Theon attempt to escape Winterfell, but they are caught by Myranda. Theon kills her and the duo leap from the outer wall together. Cersei confesses her former relationship with Lancel and is forced to atone by parading the streets naked as jeering crowds pelt her with garbage and feces. Upon her reaching the Red Keep, Qyburn introduces a new member of the Kingsguard with complete loyalty. Jaime, Myrcella, Bronn, and Trystane set sail from Dorne. Soon after, Myrcella is fatally poisoned (administered by Ellaria Sand). Arya is blinded for violating the Faceless Men rules after killing Trant for personal revenge. Varys arrives in Meereen to govern the city with Tyrion, Grey Worm, and Missandei, while Naharis and Jorah search for Daenerys, who has been captured by a Dothraki horde. Samwell, Gilly, and Little Sam leave Castle Black for Oldtown where Samwell is to train as a Maester. Mutineers, including Thorn and Olly, fatally stab Jon.
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51 1 "The Red Woman" Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 24, 2016 7.94[5]
Ser Davos, Edd, and several loyalists bolt themselves inside a room with Jon’s body; Edd leaves Castle Black to go for help. Alliser Thorne assumes command of the Night’s Watch. At Winterfell, Ramsay mourns Myranda, while Sansa and Theon are chased by Bolton men. Brienne and Podrick arrive, killing the pursuers. Sansa formally accepts Brienne into her service. Jaime arrives in King’s Landing with Myrcella’s body and vows to Cersei to avenge their daughter’s death. Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane, and, in Sunspear, Ellaria and Theme kill Doran and Areo Hotah, after Doran learns of Myrcella’s death. In Meereen, Tyrion and Varys learn ships are burning in the harbor. Jorah and Daario continue tracking Daenerys, who the Dothraki take to Khal Moro. In Braavos, Arya lives on the streets as a blind beggar, beaten daily by the Waif. In her bedchamber, Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace to reveal she is an elderly, frail woman.
52 2 "Home" Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1, 2016 7.29[6]
Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past, and sees Eddard, Benjen, and their sister Lyanna, as well as a young Hodor. Edd arrives back at Castle Black with Tormund and a group of Wildlings, imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers. Tommen asks Cersei to teach him how to be strong. Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery. He goes to the catacombs and unchains Rhaegal and Viserion, though does not release them. In Braavos, the Waif attacks Arya daily before H’ghar appears and recruits her again. Lady Walda, Roose’s wife, gives birth to a male heir, prompting Ramsay to murder Roose, Lady Walda, and their infant son. Brienne tells Sansa that Arya is still alive. Theon returns to the Iron Islands, where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon. Melisandre attempts and apparently fails to resurrect Jon, but after everyone leaves the room, Jon revives.
53 3 "Oathbreaker" Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 8, 2016 7.28[7]
En route to Oldtown, Samwell Tarly is first taking Gilly and Little Sam to Horn Hill to stay with his family while he trains to be a Maester. In a vision, Brandon sees a young Eddard Stark and Howland Reed, Meera’s father, defeat Kingsguardmen loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne. Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor, Yunkai, and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy. In King’s Landing, Tommen convenes with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting, only to be shunned by Kevan Lannister and the Tyrells. Cersei’s bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor Clegane. The Waif rigorously trains Arya, whose sight was restored after accepting herself as "no-one". In Winterfell, Lord Umber asks for Ramsay’s help to protect the North from the Wildlings, presenting Rickon and Osha as a "gift," along with the head of Shaggydog, Rickon’s direwolf. Jon executes Thorne, Olly, and the other mutineers who attacked him. He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night’s Watch.
54 4 "Book of the Stranger" Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 15, 2016 7.82[8]
Sansa, along with Brienne and Podrick, arrives at Castle Black where she is reunited with Jon. In Meereen, Tyrion offers the slave masters of Slaver’s Bay peace if slavery is abolished within seven years, an action that angers former slaves. Littlefinger returns to the Vale to mobilize soldiers against Ramsay. Naharis learns about Mormont’s greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak. In King’s Landing, Margaery visits Loras while Cersei, Jaime, Kevan, and Olenna shelve their differences and plot to defeat the Sparrows. Theon arrives at Pyke and tells Yara he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot. In Winterfell, Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but he kills her. Ramsay sends Jon a message, threatening to harm Rickon unless Sansa is returned. Sansa convinces Jon to retake Winterfell. Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen; after they refuse to serve her, she ignites the temple, fatally burning the Khals and Moro. When she emerges unhurt, the Dothraki bend the knee.
55 5 "The Door" Jack Bender David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 22, 2016 7.89[9]
Sansa meets with Littlefinger, who offers the Vale’s forces and says that her great uncle, Brynden Tully, is building an army in Riverrun; she declines his help. Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather the other Northern houses’ support. Sansa sends Brienne to Brynden. In Braavos, Arya is given a second chance and assigned to assassinate an actress named Lady Crane. Beyond the Wall, Brandon learns that the Children of the Forest created the White Walkers to protect themselves from the First Men. In the Iron Islands, Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon, causing Yara and Theon to flee. In Essos, Daenerys orders Jorah Mormont to find a cure for his greyscale and then return. In Meereen, a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys. Brandon’s unaccompanied vision allows the Night King to physically touch him, making the cave vulnerable. The Night King, along with White Walkers and hordes of wights, attack the cave, killing the Three-Eyed Raven, several Children, Summer, and Hodor, whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon’s interaction.
56 6 "Blood of My Blood" Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29, 2016 6.71[10]
Meera escapes into the forest with Bran who is still immersed in his visions. He awakens just as the wights find them but a mysterious man saves them. Samwell and Gilly reach Horn Hill, the Tarly family estate. After Sam’s father, Randyll, demeans Gilly for being a Wildling, Sam takes her to the Citadel with him. He also takes House Tarly’s ancestral Valyrian steel sword, Heartsbane. Arya warns Lady Crane that she is to be assassinated, then returns to the House of Black and White and retrieves Needle. H’ghar approves the Waif’s request to kill Arya. Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant, only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith. He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey, who is holding Edmure Tully hostage, and to retake Riverrun from Brynden. Benjen Stark, the man who saved Meera and Brandon, says he was turned by the White Walkers but later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass. Daenerys mounts Drogon and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros.
57 7 "The Broken Man" Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5, 2016 7.80[11]
Sandor Clegane is alive and living a simple, non-violent life, having been saved by a Septon and his followers. When rogue Brotherhood members threaten and eventually slaughter the group, Clegane seeks revenge. Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith. Jon, Sansa, and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause, but remain outnumbered by the Boltons. In desperation, Sansa sends a message to the Vale, asking for aid. Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn, and assume command of the siege. Jaime unsuccessfully parleys with Brynden. Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis, then sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys. Arya prepares to return to Westeros until the Waif, disguised as an old crone, viciously stabs her.
58 8 "No One" Mark Mylod David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 12, 2016 7.60[12]
Tommen abolishes trial by combat to Cersei’s dismay, who planned to win with Ser Gregor as her champion. Brienne arrives in Riverrun and fails to persuade Brynden to surrender. After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure’s infant son, Edmure enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down. Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters. Brienne and Podrick escape. Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission. Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities, but Daenerys returns on Drogan. Sandor Clegane encounters Berric Dondarrion and Myr Thoros, who have captured the rogue Brothers and allow Clegane to help execute them. They ask Clegane to join the Brotherhood. Arya is taken in by Lady Crane, who tends her wounds. The Waif finds Arya, kills Lady Crane, and pursues Arya through the streets. Arya leads the Waif into the darkened catacombs and kills her, using Needle and the fighting skills she acquired while blind. Arya returns the Waif’s face to the House’s column-collection-room and declares to H’ghar that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell, and she is going home.
59 9 "Battle of the Bastards" Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 19, 2016 7.66[13]
Daenerys meets with three slave masters to negotiate a surrender, but they refuse. Riding Drogon, as Rhaegal and Viserion assist, Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers’ fleet. Grey Worm kills two of the masters, leaving one alive to report what he witnessed. After the battle, Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and form an alliance. Near Winterfell, the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the battle field. Ramsay feigns releasing Rickon, then kills him with an arrow as he runs toward Jon. In the battle, the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers until the Knights of the Vale arrive and overwhelm them. Ramsay takes refuge inside Winterfell, but the Wildling giant Wun Wun breaches the gate. Ramsay is taken prisoner; Sansa later watches as Ramsay’s starving hounds devour him.
60 10 "The Winds of Winter" Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss June 26, 2016 8.89[14]
Before her trial, Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire, killing the High Sparrow, Margaery, Mace, and Loras Tyrell, Lancel, and Kevan Lannister, along with hundreds of King’s Landing nobles and the Faith Militant, while Qyburn has Pycelle killed. Distraught over Margaery’s death, Tommen commits suicide. In Dorne, Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria, seeking an alliance between Daenerys and their Houses against the Lannisters. Davos confronts Melisandre over Shireen’s death, and Jon banishes her from Winterfell. The Wildlings, the Knights of the Vale and the surviving northern Houses pledge loyalty to Jon as the King in the North. Sansa rebuffs Littlefinger’s sexual advances. Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons. Samwell Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown. Benjen accompanies Brandon and Meera as far as the Wall but is unable to pass through with them. Using his powers, Brandon learns that Jon is the son of Lyanna Stark and was adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert’s rebellion. When Jaime returns to King’s Landing, Cersei has been crowned the Queen of the Seven Kingdoms. Daenerys sets sail for Westeros with her supporters, armies, and dragons, leaving Naharis and the Second Sons behind to rule over Meereen.
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61 1 "Dragonstone" Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D. B. Weiss July 16, 2017 10.11[8]
At the Twins, Arya, disguised as Walder Frey, poisons the remaining lords of House Frey. The White Walkers march toward the Wall, where Tollett allows Bran and Meera to enter. At Winterfell, despite Sansa’s objection, Jon secures the loyalties of the new heads of Houses Umber and Karstark, whose previous leaders fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards. At the Citadel, Samwell secretly borrows library books. One reveals a large deposit of dragonglass in Dragonstone and he sends word to Jon. Sam later finds Ser Jorah, now heavily infected with greyscale, quarantined in a cell. In the Riverlands, Arya meets some friendly Lannister soldiers who consider her declared intention to kill Cersei as a joke. Thoros shows Sandor Clegane a vision of the Wall and the marching Army of the Dead. The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light. In King’s Landing, Jaime tells Cersei that allies are crucially needed. She receives Euron, who proposes marriage in exchange for his Iron Fleet and an opportunity to kill Theon and Yara. Cersei declines, citing trust concerns, so Euron promises to return with a "gift" to prove his loyalty. Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone, the home of House Targaryen, previously occupied by Stannis Baratheon, with her army and dragons.
62 2 "Stormborn" Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23, 2017 9.27[9]
Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara’s fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock, following Tyrion’s advice to lay siege to King’s Landing. She challenges Varys’ loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her. Melisandre arrives and encourages Daenerys to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone. Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship. Cersei summons several lords, wanting their fealty and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South. Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons. Arya is reunited with Hot Pie, who tells her Jon is now King in the North. She resets her course for Winterfell. Jon travels to Dragonstone to request Daenerys’ help against the White Walkers, leaving Sansa in charge at Winterfell. Jon warns Littlefinger to keep his distance from Sansa. Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah’s greyscale infection. Euron’s fleet attacks Yara’s. Obara and Nymeria are killed, while Ellaria, Tyene, and Yara are captured. Theon, experiencing flashbacks as Reek, hesitates to challenge Euron and jumps overboard.
63 3 "The Queen’s Justice" Mark Mylod David Benioff & D. B. Weiss July 30, 2017 9.25[10]
Jon arrives at Dragonstone where Daenerys demands his fealty. He refuses and instead seeks her help fighting the Army of the Dead. Following Tyrion’s advice, Daenerys allows Jon to mine the island’s dragonglass. Melisandre avoids Jon and departs for Volantis. Bran, with Meera, arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound-identity as the Three-Eyed Raven to Sansa. In King’s Landing, Euron presents Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei, who promises him marriage after the war is won. She also awards him co-control of her military, alongside Jaime. Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene that killed Myrcella, forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter’s impending death and remain imprisoned with the body. In Oldtown, a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys. Ebrose praises Samwell’s skill in saving Jorah but makes him copy old texts for his disobedience. Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock, only to find that Jaime has led the bulk of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden, while Euron’s fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied’s ships. The Lannister forces quickly overwhelm Olenna Tyrell’s army. Jaime offers Olenna a quick and painless death by poison. After drinking it, she admits to poisoning Joffrey.
64 4 "The Spoils of War" Matt Shakman David Benioff & D. B. Weiss August 6, 2017 10.17[11]
Arya returns to Winterfell and is reunited with Sansa and Bran. She later spars with Brienne, impressing her and unnerving Sansa with her exceptional fighting skills. Bran bids Meera an unemotional farewell as she prepares to head home, divulging he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North. Littlefinger presents Bran with the Valyrian steel dagger his would-be assassin used. Bran later gives it to Arya. Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full repayment of her debt as a wagon train carrying gold from Highgarden travels to King’s Landing. In a cave filled with dragonglass, Jon reveals ancient wall paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead. Later, Daenerys learns that the attack on Casterly Rock was a diversion and Lannister forces have captured Highgarden. Ignoring Tyrion’s protests, Daenerys rides Drogon as the Dothraki cavalry launches a surprise attack on the Lannister army, decimating it and capturing its remaining forces. Drogon is wounded when Bronn fires a bolt from Qyburn’s new scorpion ballista weapon, but he and Daenerys land safely. Jaime’s desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys is thwarted by Drogon spewing fire. Bronn tackles Jaime into the lake, saving him.
65 5 "Eastwatch" Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13, 2017 10.72[12]
Jaime and Bronn return to King’s Landing. Daenerys offers the Lannister army survivors the choice to pledge fealty to her or die. Against Tyrion’s advice, she has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly, who refused to bend the knee. Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys. Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the wights approaching Eastwatch. Jon proposes he travel beyond the Wall to capture a wight as proof they exist and to convince Cersei to accept a temporary alliance. Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King’s Landing, where he secretly meets with Jaime to propose an armistice. Cersei accepts it and also informs Jaime she is pregnant. Davos rendezvous with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone. With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan’s letter, Samwell steals several restricted books and leaves the Citadel with Gilly and Little Sam. At Winterfell, Littlefinger, knowing Arya is spying on him, lures her into finding the letter that Sansa was forced to write as a hostage in King’s Landing. Jon, Jorah, and Gendry, joined by Clegane, Thoros, Beric, and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund, leave Eastwatch and pass beyond the Wall to capture a wight.
66 6 "Beyond the Wall" Alan Taylor David Benioff & D. B. Weiss August 20, 2017 10.24[13]
At Winterfell, Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa. Tensions between Arya and Sansa increase following Arya’s discovery of the letter Sansa was forced to write, begging for Robb’s fealty to Joffrey. Sansa, in turn, finds Arya’s collection of faces she took from Braavos. At Dragonstone, Tyrion counsels Daenerys about the upcoming negotiations with Cersei. Beyond the Wall, Jon and the men hunt for a wight to prove the White Walkers’ existence. After capturing one, the group is beset by the White Walker army. Jon sends Gendry to Eastwatch to dispatch a raven to Daenerys requesting help. During the night, an injured Thoros freezes to death. As the wight army is about to overwhelm Jon’s group, Daenerys arrives with her dragons and rescues the men. The Night King, leader of the White Walkers, kills Viserion, one of Daenerys’ dragons, with an ice spear. Daenerys flies off with the men, but is unable to save Jon. Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to save Jon. When Jon and Daenerys are reunited, Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen. The Night King reanimates Viserion, making the dragon a part of his army.
67 7 "The Dragon and the Wolf" Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D. B. Weiss August 27, 2017 12.07[14]
At King’s Landing, the wight is presented to the Lannisters and their supporters. Cersei demands Jon’s neutrality in the Great War, but he upholds his oath to Daenerys, provoking Cersei to end discussions. Tyrion meets privately with Cersei, apparently gaining her alliance. Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she really intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros. Disgusted, Jaime deserts her and rides north. Aboard a ship bound for White Harbor, Jon and Daenerys make love. At Dragonstone, Theon earns his men’s respect and leads them to rescue Yara. At Winterfell, Littlefinger sows dissent by exploiting Arya’s threatening demeanor toward Sansa, leading to a trial. To his surprise, a united Sansa, Arya, and Bran accuse Littlefinger of murder, conspiracy, and treason, which Bran confirms with his visions. Deserted by the Lords of the Vale, Littlefinger is sentenced to death by Sansa and executed by Arya. Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran. They discuss Jon’s parentage and through Sam’s earlier research and Bran’s visions, they extrapolate that Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon, the legitimate heir to the Iron Throne. His parents — Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark — married in secret. At Eastwatch, the Night King, astride the undead Viserion, blasts a hole the Wall with blue dragon fire, allowing the Army of the Dead to march through.
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68 1 "Winterfell" David Nutter Dave Hill April 14, 2019 11.76[1]
Upon reaching Winterfell with their combined armies, Jon and Daenerys learn the Army of the Dead has breached the Wall, and the Night King commands the undead Viserion. The Northern Houses and their allies rally around Winterfell, but distrust Daenerys and doubt Cersei’s pledge to send troops. Euron returns to King’s Landing with the Golden Company and entices Cersei to consummate their union. On Cersei’s orders, Qyburn hires Bronn to assassinate Tyrion and Jaime. Theon rescues Yara, who then sets out to retake the Iron Islands, while Theon returns to Winterfell. At Winterfell, Jon reunites with Bran and Arya, and later learns to ride Rhaegal. Sam meets Daenerys, who states that she executed his father and brother. Sam reveals to Jon that he is actually Aegon Targaryen. At House Umber’s seat of Last Hearth, Tormund and Beric encounter Edd and other Night’s Watch members. They find the castle’s occupants dead, and the wight of Ned Umber is left as a gruesome message. Jaime arrives at Winterfell where Bran awaits him.
69 2 "A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms" David Nutter Bryan Cogman April 21, 2019 10.29[2]
Jaime reveals Cersei’s deception to the Targaryen-Stark alliance and joins them after Brienne vouches for his loyalty. Jaime later apologizes to Bran for crippling him; Bran replies he harbors no anger and says they are no longer the same people. Tyrion loses Daenerys’ trust for having believed Cersei, prompting Jorah to ask her to forgive Tyrion’s mistakes. Citing their mutual love for Jon, Daenerys tries and fails to gain Sansa’s trust after refusing to give assurances about the North’s fate. Theon, Edd, Tormund, and Beric arrive at Winterfell, with the latter three reporting the undead army’s impending arrival. Bran proposes that he lure out the Night King, who wants to destroy the Three-Eyed Raven. The others agree, with Theon and the Ironborn offering Bran protection. Arya seduces Gendry. Jaime formally anoints Brienne as a knight. Jorah fails to dissuade Lyanna Mormont from fighting, and he receives House Tarly’s ancestral sword as a gift from Sam. As the Army of the Dead approaches, Jon reveals his Targaryen lineage to Daenerys.
70 3 "The Long Night" Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss April 28, 2019 12.02[3]
The Living Army meets the Army of the Dead outside Winterfell. The initial Dothraki charge is decimated, and the Unsullied are quickly overwhelmed. Edd is killed while saving Sam. The survivors retreat into the castle as Melisandre ignites the defensive fire trench surrounding Winterfell to delay the advancing horde. Jon and Daenerys engage the Night King on their dragons. The wights invade Winterfell, overpowering the defenders and killing Lyanna Mormont. Beric dies defending Arya. Jon and Rhaegal knock the Night King off Viserion, and Daenerys burns him with dragonfire but it has no effect. The Night King then raises slain Winterfell defenders, including the dead entombed in the crypt where the non-combatants are attacked. After wights pull Daenerys from Drogon, Jorah is fatally wounded defending her. The Night King arrives at the Godswood for Bran and kills Theon. Arya ambushes the Night King, stabbing him with her Valyrian steel dagger. The Night King and his White Walkers shatter, causing Viserion and the wights to collapse. Her purpose served, Melisandre allows herself to die from old age.
71 4 "The Last of the Starks" David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 5, 2019 11.80[4]
The survivors mourn and burn the dead. Daenerys legitimizes Gendry as a Baratheon, naming him Lord of Storm’s End. Arya declines Gendry’s subsequent marriage proposal. Jaime and Brienne become lovers. To protect her claim to the throne, Daenerys wants Jon to conceal his true parentage. Bronn arrives to kill Jaime and Tyrion for Cersei, but spares them in exchange for being promised Highgarden castle. Jon reveals his Targaryen claim to Sansa and Arya, swearing them to secrecy. Wanting Jon as king, Sansa tells Tyrion, who informs Varys. Arya and the Hound head for King’s Landing, bent on revenge. Tormund returns north with the Wildlings, taking Ghost at Jon’s request. Daenerys and her fleet set sail for King’s Landing, while Jon leads the Northern army. At Dragonstone, Euron’s navy ambushes her fleet, killing Rhaegal with ship-mounted scorpions. Missandei is taken hostage. Daenerys considers seizing King’s Landing using dragonfire. Varys and Tyrion debate whether Jon would be a better ruler than Daenerys. Jaime feels compelled to return to Cersei, despite Brienne’s plea that he stay. Cersei defiantly refuses Daenerys’ demand to surrender and has Missandei beheaded before an enraged Daenerys and Grey Worm.
72 5 "The Bells" Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 12, 2019 12.48[5]
Varys urges Jon to advance his claim, but the latter refuses to betray Daenerys. After Tyrion reveals Varys’ plot, Daenerys executes Varys by dragon fire. Jaime is captured, but Tyrion releases him so he can persuade Cersei to surrender the city, then escape Westeros together. Jaime, Arya, and the Hound each infiltrate King’s Landing. Dragon-borne Daenarys destroys the Iron Fleet and most of the city’s defenses, allowing her army to enter. Cersei’s forces are quickly overwhelmed and the city signals its surrender, but an enraged Daenerys begins leveling the city, burning soldiers and civilians. The allied army follows her lead, slaughtering anyone in their path, horrifying Tyrion and Jon. Jaime kills Euron but is himself mortally wounded. The Hound convinces Arya to abandon her longtime vendetta and save herself, then confronts the Mountain. The brothers ultimately perish after falling from a tower into flames. Cersei and Jaime reunite but are killed as the Red Keep collapses atop them. Jon calls for a retreat as frantic civilians flee the devastation. Arya barely survives.
73 6 "The Iron Throne" David Benioff & D. B. Weiss David Benioff & D. B. Weiss May 19, 2019 13.61[6]
Following the battle, the Unsullied execute captured soldiers upon Daenerys’ orders. Tyrion finds Jaime and Cersei dead in the ruins. Daenerys rallies the Unsullied and Dothraki, declaring she will lead them to liberate the entire world. Tyrion denounces her and resigns as Hand, then is imprisoned for treason to await execution. Arya and Tyrion separately warn Jon that Daenerys is a threat to him and House Stark. Jon confronts Daenerys and, unable to halt her destructive path, kills her. Drogon melts the Iron Throne, then gently carries Daenerys’ body away. Tyrion proposes that all future monarchs be chosen by Westerosi leaders, rather than through familial succession. Bran Stark is proclaimed king, titled Bran the Broken. He grants Sansa the North’s secession as an independent kingdom, and appoints Tyrion as his Hand. Jon is sentenced to the Night’s Watch to appease the Unsullied, who then set sail for Naath, Missandei’s homeland. Tyrion reorganizes the Small Council – Brienne, Bronn, Davos, and Sam – to rebuild King’s Landing. Podrick is knighted. Sansa is crowned Queen in the North. Arya sets sail to explore west of Westeros. Jon rejoins Tormund and Ghost at Castle Black, leading the Wildlings north of the Wall.
Cast

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SIGNATURE:
Clifford "RAY" Hackett www.rayis.me RESUME: www.rayis.me/resume

I founded www.adapt.org in 1980 it now has over 50 million members.
$500 of material=World’s fastest hydrofoil sailboat. http://sunrun.biz

Water in freezer at 9:21 a.m.

9:20 P.M. 12 HOUS LATER. FREEZING

Mahalo

SIGNATURE:
Clifford "RAY" Hackett www.rayis.me RESUME: www.rayis.me/resume

I founded www.adapt.org in 1980 it now has over 50 million members.
$500 of material=World’s fastest hydrofoil sailboat. http://sunrun.biz

On Mon, Jun 10, 2019 at 1:11 PM Ray Hackett <3659745> wrote:

10:20 a.m. cool11:20 a.m. cooler
12:20 PM cold
1:20 Pm. COLDER

On Mon, Jun 10, 2019, 9:21 AM Ray Hackett <3659745> wrote:

hemp

Hemp, or industrial hemp (from Old English hænep), typically found in the northern hemisphere, is a strain of the Cannabis sativa plant species that is grown specifically for the industrial uses of its derived products. It is one of the fastest growing plants and was one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 10,000 years ago. It can be refined into a variety of commercial items including paper, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.

Although cannabis as a drug and industrial hemp both derive from the species Cannabis sativa and contain the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), they are distinct strains with unique phytochemical compositions and uses. Hemp has lower concentrations of THC and higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), which decreases or eliminates its psychoactive effects. The legality of industrial hemp varies widely between countries. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content.

Contents
1 Etymology
2 Uses
2.1 Food
2.1.1 Nutrition
2.1.2 Storage
2.2 Fiber
2.3 Building material
2.4 Plastic and composite materials
2.5 Paper
2.6 Jewelry
2.7 Cordage
2.8 Animal bedding
2.9 Water and soil purification
2.10 Weed control
2.11 Biofuels
3 Processing
4 Cultivation
4.1 Cultivars
4.2 Harvesting
4.3 Location and crop rotation
4.4 Diseases
4.5 Environmental impact
5 Producers
5.1 Australia
5.2 Canada
5.3 France
5.4 Russia and Ukraine
5.5 United Kingdom
5.6 United States
6 History
6.1 United States
6.2 Historical cultivation
6.2.1 Japan
6.2.2 Portugal

Etymology
Further information: Etymology of cannabis
The etymology is uncertain but there appears to be no common Proto-Indo-European source for the various forms of the word; the Greek term kánnabis is the oldest attested form, which may have been borrowed from an earlier Scythian or Thracian word. Then it appears to have been borrowed into Latin, and separately into Slavic and from there into Baltic, Finnish, and Germanic languages. Following Grimm’s law, the "k" would have changed to "h" with the first Germanic sound shift, after which it may have been adapted into the Old English form, hænep. Barber (1991) however, argued that the spread of the name "kannabis" was due to its historically more recent plant use, starting from the south, around Iran, whereas non-THC varieties of hemp are older and prehistoric. Another possible source of origin is Assyrian qunnabu, which was the name for a source of oil, fiber, and medicine in the 1st millennium BC.

Cognates of hemp in other Germanic languages include Dutch hennep, Danish and Norwegian hamp, German Hanf, and Swedish hampa.

Uses

Hemp seed
Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products including rope, textiles, clothing, shoes, food, paper, bioplastics, insulation, and biofuel. The bast fibers can be used to make textiles that are 100% hemp, but they are commonly blended with other fibers, such as flax, cotton or silk, as well as virgin and recycled polyester, to make woven fabrics for apparel and furnishings. The inner two fibers of the plant are more woody and typically have industrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding and litter. When oxidized (often erroneously referred to as "drying"), hemp oil from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizing agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well. A survey in 2003 showed that more than 95% of hemp seed sold in the European Union was used in animal and bird feed.

Food
Hemp seed, hulled
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 2,451 kJ (586 kcal)
Carbohydrates
4.67 g
Sugars
lactose
1.50 g
0.07 g
Dietary fiber 4.0 g
Fat
48.75 g
Saturated 4.600 g
Trans 0 g
Monounsaturated 5.400 g
Polyunsaturated
omega‑3
omega‑6
38.100 g
9.301 g
28.698 g
Protein
31.56 g
Tryptophan 0.369 g
Threonine 1.269 g
Isoleucine 1.286 g
Leucine 2.163 g
Lysine 1.276 g
Methionine 0.933 g
Cystine 0.672 g
Phenylalanine 1.447 g
Tyrosine 1.263 g
Valine 1.777 g
Arginine 4.550 g
Histidine 0.969 g
Alanine 1.528 g
Aspartic acid 3.662 g
Glutamic acid 6.269 g
Glycine 1.611 g
Proline 1.597 g
Serine 1.713 g
Vitamins Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
0% 1 μg
0%7 μg
Vitamin A 11 IU
Thiamine (B1) 111% 1.275 mg
Riboflavin (B2) 24% 0.285 mg
Niacin (B3) 61% 9.200 mg
Vitamin B6 46% 0.600 mg
Folate (B9) 28% 110 μg
Vitamin B12 0% 0 μg
Vitamin C 1% 0.5 mg
Vitamin E 5% 0.80 mg
Minerals Quantity %DV†
Calcium 7% 70 mg
Copper 80% 1.600 mg
Iron 61% 7.95 mg
Magnesium 197% 700 mg
Manganese 362% 7.600 mg
Phosphorus 236% 1650 mg
Potassium 26% 1200 mg
Sodium 0% 5 mg
Zinc 104% 9.90 mg
Other constituents Quantity
Water 4.96 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Link to Complete USDA Nutrient Database Entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Hemp seeds can be eaten raw, ground into hemp meal, sprouted or made into dried sprout powder. Hemp seeds can also be made into a liquid and used for baking or for beverages such as hemp milk and tisanes. Hemp oil is cold-pressed from the seed and is high in unsaturated fatty acids. The leaves of the hemp plant, while not as nutritional as the seeds, are edible and can be consumed raw as leafy vegetables in salads, and pressed to make juice.

In 2011, the U.S. imported $11.5 million worth of hemp products, mostly driven by growth in the demand for hemp seed and hemp oil for use as ingredients in foods such as granola.

In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs treats hemp as a purely non-food crop, but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0.2% THC concentration, hemp seeds can be imported for sowing or for sale as a food or food ingredient.In the U.S., imported hemp can be used legally in food products and, as of 2000, was typically sold in health food stores or through mail order.

Nutrition
Further information: Hemp protein
A 100-gram portion of hulled hemp seeds supplies 586 calories. They contain 5% water, 5% carbohydrates, 49% total fat, and 31% protein. Hemp seeds are notable in providing 64% of the Daily Value (DV) of protein per 100-gram serving.[21] Hemp seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber (20% DV), B vitamins, and the dietary minerals manganese (362% DV), phosphorus (236% DV), magnesium (197% DV), zinc (104% DV), and iron (61% DV). About 73% of the energy in hempseed is in the form of fats and essential fatty acids, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, and alpha-linolenic acids.

Hempseed’s amino acid profile is comparable to other sources of protein such as meat, milk, eggs and soy.Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS), which attempt to measure the degree to which a food for humans is a "complete protein", were 0.49–0.53 for whole hemp seed, 0.46–0.51 for hempseed meal, and 0.63–0.66 for hulled hempseed.

Storage
Hemp oil oxidizes and turns rancid within a short period of time if not stored properly; its shelf life is extended when it is stored in a dark airtight container and refrigerated. Both light and heat can degrade hemp oil.

Fiber
Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history, with production climaxing soon after being introduced to the New World. For centuries, items ranging from rope, to fabrics, to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber. Hemp was also commonly used to make sail canvas. The word "canvas" is derived from the word cannabis. Pure hemp has a texture similar to linen. Because of its versatility for use in a variety of products, today hemp is used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes, accessories, dog collars, and home wares. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with lyocell.

Building material
Main article: hempcrete
Concrete-like blocks made with hemp and lime have been used as an insulating material for construction. Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements; they must be supported by a brick, wood, or steel frame. However, hemp fibres are extremely strong and durable, and have been shown to be usable as a replacement for wood for many jobs, including creating very durable and breathable homes. The most common use of hemp lime in building is by casting the hemp and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering, and tamping the mix to form a firm mass; after the removal of the temporary shuttering, the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with a lime plaster.

The first example of the use of hempcrete was in 1986 in France with the renovation of the Maison de la Turquie in Nogent-sur-Seine by the innovator Charles Rasetti. In the UK hemp lime was first used in 2000 for the construction of two test dwellings in Haverhill. Designed by Modece Architects, who pioneered hemp’s use in UK construction, the hemp houses were monitored in comparison with other standard dwellings by BRE. Completed in 2009, the Renewable House is one of the most technologically advanced made from hemp-based materials. The first US home made of hemp-based materials was completed in August 2010 in Asheville, North Carolina.

A panellized system of hemp-lime panels for use in building construction is currently under test in a European Union-funded research collaboration led by the University of Bath. The panels are being designed to assure high-quality construction, rapid on-site erection, optimal hygrothermal performance from day one, and energy- and resource-efficient buildings. The 36-month-long work programme aims to refine product and manufacturing protocols, produce data for certification and marketing, warranty, insurance cover, and availability of finance. It also includes the development of markets in Britain, France, and Spain.

Hemp is used as an internal plaster and is a mixture of hemp hurd (shive) mixed with larger proportions of a lime-based binder. Hemp plaster has insulative qualities.

Plastic and composite materials
Main article: Bioplastic
A mixture of fiberglass, hemp fiber, kenaf, and flax has been used since 2002 to make composite panels for automobiles.The choice of which bast fiber to use is primarily based on cost and availability. Various car makers are beginning to use hemp in their cars, including Audi, BMW, Ford, GM, Chrysler, Honda, Iveco, Lotus, Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Saturn, Volkswagen and Volvo. For example, the Lotus Eco Eliseand the Mercedes C-Class both contain hemp (up to 20 kg in each car in the case of the latter).

Paper
Main article: Hemp paper
Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from pulp obtained from fibers of industrial hemp. The products are mainly specialty papers such as cigarette paper, banknotes and technical filter papers. Compared to wood pulp, hemp pulp offers a four to five times longer fibre, a significantly lower lignin fraction as well as a higher tear resistance and tensile strength. However, production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood, so hemp paper could not be used for mass applications as printing, writing and packaging paper.

Hemp and bead jewelry
Hemp jewelry is the product of knotting hemp twine through the practice of macramé. Hemp jewellery includes bracelets, necklaces, anklets, rings, watches, and other adornments. Some jewellery features beads made from crystals, glass, stone, wood and bones. The hemp twine varies in thickness and comes in a variety of colors. There are many different stitches used to create hemp jewellery, however, the half knot and full knot stitches are most common.

Cordage

Hemp rope
Hemp rope was used in the age of sailing ships, though the rope had to be protected by tarring, since hemp rope has a propensity for breaking from rot, as the capillary effect of the rope-woven fibers tended to hold liquid at the interior, while seeming dry from the outside. Tarring was a labor-intensive process, and earned sailors the nickname "Jack Tar". Hemp rope was phased out when manila rope, which does not require tarring, became widely available. Manila is sometimes referred to as Manila hemp, but is not related to hemp; it is abacá, a species of banana.

Animal bedding

Hemp straw animal bedding
Hemp shives are the core of the stem, hemp hurds are broken parts of the core. In the EU, they are used for animal bedding (horses, for instance), or for horticultural mulch. Industrial hemp is much more profitable if both fibers and shives (or even seeds) can be used.

Water and soil purification
Hemp can be used as a "mop crop" to clear impurities out of wastewater, such as sewage effluent, excessive phosphorus from chicken litter, or other unwanted substances or chemicals. Additionally, hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site, by way of a process which is known as phytoremediation—the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil, water, and air.

Weed control
Main article: Weed control § Organic methods
Hemp crops are tall, have thick foliage, and can be planted densely, and thus can be grown as a smother crop to kill tough weeds. Using hemp this way can help farmers avoid the use of herbicides, gain organic certification, and gain the benefits of crop rotation. However, due to the plant’s rapid and dense growth characteristics, some jurisdictions consider hemp a prohibited and noxious weed, much like Scotch Broom.

The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even thistle.

Biofuels

Biodiesel sample
Biodiesel can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks; this product is sometimes called "hempoline". Alcohol fuel (ethanol or, less commonly, methanol) can be made by fermenting the whole plant.

Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power diesel engines. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine, which he intended to power "by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils, which earlier were used for oil lamps, i.e. the Argand lamp."

Production of vehicle fuel from hemp is very small. Commercial biodiesel and biogas is typically produced from cereals, coconuts, palmseeds, and cheaper raw materials like garbage, wastewater, dead plant and animal material, animal feces and kitchen waste.

Processing
Separation of hurd and bast fiber is known as decortication. Traditionally, hemp stalks would be water-retted first before the fibers were beaten off the inner hurd by hand, a process known as scutching. As mechanical technology evolved, separating the fiber from the core was accomplished by crushing rollers and brush rollers, or by hammer-milling, wherein a mechanical hammer mechanism beats the hemp against a screen until hurd, smaller bast fibers, and dust fall through the screen. After the Marijuana Tax Act was implemented in 1938, the technology for separating the fibers from the core remained "frozen in time". Recently, new high-speed kinematic decortication has come about, capable of separating hemp into three streams; bast fiber, hurd, and green microfiber.

Only in 1997, did Ireland, parts of the Commonwealth and other countries begin to legally grow industrial hemp again. Iterations of the 1930s decorticator have been met with limited success, along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as thermomechanical pulping.

Cultivation
The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only C. sativa (left) is suited for industrial hemp, but it also has medicinal varieties.
Hemp is usually planted between March and May in the northern hemisphere, between September and November in the southern hemisphere. It matures in about three to four months.

Millennia of selective breeding have resulted in varieties that display a wide range of traits; e.g. suited for a particular environments/latitudes, producing different ratios and compositions of terpenoids and cannabinoids (CBD, THC, CBG, CBC, CBN…etc.), fibre quality, oil/seed yield, etc. Hemp grown for fiber is planted closely, resulting in tall, slender plants with long fibers.

Use of industrial hemp plant and its cultivation was commonplace until the 1900s, when it was associated with its genetic sibling a.k.a. Drug-Type Cannabis species (which contain higher levels of psychoactive THC). Influential groups misconstrued hemp as a dangerous "drug", even though hemp is not a recreational drug and has the potential to be a sustainable and profitable crop for many farmers due to hemps medical, structural and dietary uses.

In the United States, the public’s perception of hemp as marijuana has blocked hemp from becoming a useful crop and product," in spite of its vital importance prior to World War II. Ideally, according to Britain’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the herb should be desiccated and harvested towards the end of flowering. This early cropping reduces the seed yield but improves the fiber yield and quality. In these strains of industrial hemp* the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content would have been very low.

The seeds are sown with grain drills or other conventional seeding equipment to a depth of 1.27 to 2.54 cm. Greater seeding depths result in increased weed competition. Nitrogen should not be placed with the seed, but phosphate may be tolerated. The soil should have available 89 to 135 kg/ha of nitrogen, 46 kg/ha phosphorus, 67 kg/ha potassium, and 17 kg/ha sulfur. Organic fertilizers such as manure are one of the best methods of weed control.

Cultivars
In contrast to cannabis for medical use, varieties grown for fiber and seed have less than 0.3% THC and are unsuitable for producing hashish and marijuana. Present in industrial hemp, cannabidiol is a major constituent among some 560 compounds found in hemp.

Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa is the variety grown for industrial use, while C. sativa subsp. indica generally has poor fiber quality and female buds from this variety are primarily used for recreational and medicinal purposes. The major differences between the two types of plants are the appearance, and the amount of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes, although they can also be distinguished genetically. Oilseed and fiber varieties of Cannabis approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cultivars of Cannabis grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2% to over 20%.

Harvesting
Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry. Mechanical harvesting is now common, using specially adapted cutter-binders or simpler cutters.

The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days. This was traditionally followed by retting, either water retting (the bundled hemp floats in water) or dew retting (the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew, and by molds and bacterial action).
Harvesting industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) – this is a separate harvest for a different form of processing: The upper part of the plant with the leaves will be collected for cold pressing, while the lower part remains for producing fiber and initially it is left on the field.

Location and crop rotation
For profitable hemp farming, particularly deep, humus-rich, nutrient-rich soil with controlled water flow is preferable. Waterlogged acidic, compressed or extremely light (sandy) soils primarily affect the early development of plants. Steep and high altitudes of more than 400 m above sea level are best avoided. Hemp is relatively insensitive to cold temperatures and can withstand frost down to −5 °C. Seeds can germinate down to 1–3 °C. Hemp needs a lot of heat, so earlier varieties come to maturation. The water requirement is 300–500 l/kg dry matter. This is around 1/14th that of cotton, which takes between 7,000 and 29,000 l/kg, according to WWF. Roots can grow up to 3 feet into the soil and use water from deeper soil layers.

Hemp benefits crops grown after it. So, it is generally grown before winter cereals. Advantageous changes are high weed suppression, soil loosening by the large hemp root system, and the positive effect on soil tilth. Since hemp is very self-compatible, it can also be grown several years in a row in the same fields (monoculture).

Diseases
Main article: List of hemp diseases
Hemp plants can be vulnerable to various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such diseases often lead to reduced fiber quality, stunted growth, and death of the plant. These diseases rarely affect the yield of a hemp field, so hemp production is not traditionally dependent on the use of pesticides.

Environmental impact
Hemp is considered by a 1998 study in Environmental Economics to be environmentally friendly due to a decrease of land use and other environmental impacts, indicating a possible decrease of ecological footprint in a US context compared to typical benchmarks.A 2010 study, however, that compared the production of paper specifically from hemp and eucalyptus concluded that "industrial hemp presents higher environmental impacts than eucalyptus paper"; however, the article also highlights that "there is scope for improving industrial hemp paper production". Hemp is also claimed to require few pesticides and no herbicides, and it has been called a carbon negative raw material.Results indicate that high yield of hemp may require high total nutrient levels (field plus fertilizer nutrients) similar to a high yielding wheat crop.

Producers
The world-leading producer of hemp is China, which produces more than 70% of the world output. France ranks second with about a quarter of the world production. Smaller production occurs in the rest of Europe, Chile, and North Korea. Over 30 countries produce industrial hemp, including Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Ukraine.

The United Kingdom and Germany resumed commercial production in the 1990s. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses; other uses are under development. Companies in Canada, the UK, the United States, and Germany, among many others, process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics; many traditional growing countries still continue to produce textile-grade fibre.

Air-dried stem yields in Ontario have from 1998 and onward ranged from 2.6–14.0 tonnes of dry, retted stalks per hectare (1–5.5 t/ac) at 12% moisture. Yields in Kent County, have averaged 8.75 t/ha (3.5 t/ac). Northern Ontario crops averaged 6.1 t/ha (2.5 t/ac) in 1998. Statistic for the European Union for 2008 to 2010 say that the average yield of hemp straw has varied between 6.3 and 7.3 ton per ha. Only a part of that is bast fiber. Around one tonne of bast fiber and 2–3 tonnes of core material can be decorticated from 3–4 tonnes of good-quality, dry-retted straw. For an annual yield of this level is it in Ontario recommended to add nitrogen (N):70–110 kg/ha, phosphate (P2O5): up to 80 kg/ha and potash (K2O): 40–90 kg/ha. The average yield of dry hemp stalks in Europe was 6 ton/ha (2.4 ton/ac) in 2001 and 2002.

FAO argue that an optimum yield of hemp fiber is more than 2 tonnes per ha, while average yields are around 650 kg/ha.

Australia
In the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, and most recently, South Australia, the state governments have issued licences to grow hemp for industrial use. The first to initiate modern research into the potential of cannabis was the state of Tasmania, which pioneered the licensing of hemp during the early 1990s. The state of Victoria was an early adopter in 1998, and has reissued the regulation in 2008.

Queensland has allowed industrial production under licence since 2002, where the issuance is controlled under the Drugs Misuse Act 1986. New South Wales now issues licences under a law, the Hemp Industry Regulations Act 2008 (No 58), that came into effect as of 6 November 2008. Most recently, South Australia legalized industrial hemp under South Australia’s Industrial Hemp Act 2017, which commenced on 12 November 2017.

Canada
Commercial production (including cultivation) of industrial hemp has been permitted in Canada since 1998 under licenses and authorization issued by Health Canada (9,725 ha in 2004, 5450 ha in 2009).

In the early 1990s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the University of Manitoba. The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance, and was able to obtain test plot permits from the Canadian government. Their efforts led to the legalization of industrial hemp (hemp with only minute amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol) in Canada and the first harvest in 1998.

In 2017, the cultivated area for hemp in the Prairie provinces include Saskatchewan with more than 56,000 acres (23,000 ha), Alberta with 45,000 acres (18,000 ha), and Manitoba with 30,000 acres (12,000 ha). Canadian hemp is cultivated mostly for its food value as hulled hemp seeds, hemp oils and hemp protein powders, with only a small fraction devoted to production of hemp fiber used for construction and insulation.

France
France is Europe’s biggest producer (and the world’s second largest producer) with 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) cultivated.[88] 70–80% of the hemp fibre produced in 2003 was used for specialty pulp for cigarette papers and technical applications. About 15% was used in the automotive sector, and 5-6% was used for insulation mats. About 95% of hurds were used as animal bedding, while almost 5% was used in the building sector.[15] In 2010/2011, a total of 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) was cultivated with hemp in the EU, a decline compared with previous year.

Russia and Ukraine

Harvesting hemp in the USSR, 1956
From the 1950s to the 1980s, the Soviet Union was the world’s largest producer of hemp (3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) in 1970). The main production areas were in Ukraine,[90] the Kursk and Orel regions of Russia, and near the Polish border. Since its inception in 1931, the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of Bast Crops in Hlukhiv (Glukhov), Ukraine, has been one of the world’s largest centers for developing new hemp varieties, focusing on improving fiber quality, per-hectare yields, and low THC content.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the commercial cultivation of hemp declined sharply. However, at least an estimated 2.5 million acres of hemp grow wild in the Russian Far East and Black Sea regions.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, cultivation licences are issued by the Home Office under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. When grown for nondrug purposes, hemp is referred to as industrial hemp, and a common product is fibre for use in a wide variety of products, as well as the seed for nutritional aspects and for the oil. Feral hemp or ditch weed is usually a naturalized fibre or oilseed strain of Cannabis that has escaped from cultivation and is self-seeding.

United States
As of December 2018, Hemp is federally legal to grow again in the United States. The government passed the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, part of the 2018 Farm Bill signed by President Donald Trump on 20 December 2018.This bill changed hemp from a controlled substance to an agricultural commodity, legalizing hemp federally, which made it easier for farmers to get production licenses, get loans to grow hemp, and allowed them to get federal crop insurance. Some states still consider it illegal to grow hemp, but 41 states have begun the process to make hemp legal to grow at the state level, as of 2019.

The process to legalize hemp cultivation began in 2009, when Oregon began approving licenses for industrial hemp. Then, in 2013, after the legalization of marijuana, several farmers in Colorado planted and harvested several acres of hemp, bringing in the first hemp crop in the United States in over half a century. After that, the federal government created a Hemp Farming Pilot Program as a part of the Agricultural Act of 2014. This program allowed institutions of higher education and state agricultural departments to begin growing hemp without the consent of the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Hemp production in Kentucky, formerly the United States’ leading producer, resumed in 2014. Hemp production in North Carolina resumed in 2017, and in Washington State the same year. By the end of 2017, at least 34 U.S. states had industrial hemp programs. In 2018, New York began taking strides in industrial hemp production, along with hemp research pilot programs at Cornell University, Binghamton University and SUNY Morrisville.

As of 2015 the hemp industry estimated that annual sales of hemp products were around US$600 million annually; hemp seeds have been the major force driving this growth.

Despite this progress, hemp businesses in the US have had difficulties expanding as they have faced challenges in traditional marketing and sales approaches. According to a case study done by Forbes, hemp businesses and startups have had difficulty marketing and selling non-psychoactive hemp products, as some online advertising platforms and financial institutions do not distinguish between hemp and marijuana.

History
Yangshao culture (ca. 4800 BC) amphora with impressed hemp cord design

Radical 200 (麻 or má), the Chinese character for hemp, depicts two plants under a shelter. The use of hemp in Taiwan dates back at least 10,000 years.
Hemp is possibly one of the earliest plants to be cultivated. An archeological site in the Oki Islands near Japan contained cannabis achenes from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant. Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the Neolithic Age in China, with hemp fiber imprints found on Yangshao culture pottery dating from the 5th millennium BC. The Chinese later used hemp to make clothes, shoes, ropes, and an early form of paper. The classical Greek historian Herodotus (ca. 480 BC) reported that the inhabitants of Scythia would often inhale the vapors of hemp-seed smoke, both as ritual and for their own pleasurable recreation.

Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber summarizes the historical evidence that Cannabis sativa, "grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes, from Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Ukraine) to East Asia (Tibet and China)," but, "textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age." "I strongly suspect, however, that what catapulted hemp to sudden fame and fortune as a cultigen and caused it to spread rapidly westwards in the first millennium B.C. was the spread of the habit of pot-smoking from somewhere in south-central Asia, where the drug-bearing variety of the plant originally occurred. The linguistic evidence strongly supports this theory, both as to time and direction of spread and as to cause."

Jews living in Palestine in the 2nd century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp, as witnessed by a reference to it in the Mishna (Kil’ayim 2:5) as a variety of plant, along with Arum, that sometimes takes as many as three years to grow from a seedling. In late medieval Germany and Italy, hemp was employed in cooked dishes, as filling in pies and tortes, or boiled in a soup. Hemp in later Europe was mainly cultivated for its fibers, and was used for ropes on many ships, including those of Christopher Columbus. The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside, with higher quality textiles being available in the towns.

Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides, 512 AD.
The Spaniards brought hemp to the Americas and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545. Similar attempts were made in Peru, Colombia, and Mexico, but only in Chile did the crop find success. In July 1605, Samuel Champlain reported the use of grass and hemp clothing by the (Wampanoag) people of Cape Cod and the (Nauset) people of Plymouth Bay told him they harvested hemp in their region where it grew wild to a height of 4 to 5 ft. In May 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village, where Richmond, Virginia is now situated; and in 1613, Samuell Argall reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper Potomac. As early as 1619, the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow "both English and Indian" hemp on their plantations. The Puritans are first known to have cultivated hemp in New England in 1645.

United States
George Washington pushed for the growth of hemp as it was a cash crop commonly used to make rope and fabric. In May 1765 he noted in his diary about the sowing of seeds each day until mid-April. Then he recounts the harvest in October which he grew 27 bushels that year.

It is sometimes supposed that an excerpt from Washington’s diary, which reads "Began to seperate [sic] the Male from the Female hemp at Do.&—rather too late" is evidence that he was trying to grow female plants for the THC found in the flowers. However, the editorial remark accompanying the diary states that "This may arise from their [the male] being coarser, and the stalks larger" In subsequent days, he describes soaking the hemp (to make the fibers usable) and harvesting the seeds, suggesting that he was growing hemp for industrial purposes, not recreational.

George Washington also imported the Indian Hemp plant from Asia, which was used for fiber and, by some growers, for intoxicating resin production. In a letter to William Pearce who managed the plants for him Washington says, "What was done with the Indian Hemp plant from last summer? It ought, all of it, to be sown again; that not only a stock of seed sufficient for my own purposes might have been raised, but to have disseminated seed to others; as it is more valuable than common hemp."

Presidents known to have farmed hemp for alternative purposes include Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Zachary Taylor, and Franklin Pierce.

Historically, hemp production had made up a significant portion of antebellum Kentucky’s economy. Before the American Civil War, many slaves worked on plantations producing hemp.

In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was passed in the United States, levying a tax on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. The passing of the Act to destroy the US hemp industry has been disputed to involve businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst and the Du Pont family.

One claim is that Hearst believed that his extensive timber holdings were threatened by the invention of the decorticator which he feared would allow hemp to become a cheap substitute for the paper pulp used for newspaper. Historical research indicates this fear was unfounded because improvements of the decorticators in the 1930s – machines that separated the fibers from the hemp stem – could not make hemp fiber a cheaper substitute for fibers from other sources. Further, decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production.

Another claim is that Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury and the wealthiest man in America at that time, had invested heavily in DuPont’s new synthetic fiber, nylon, and believed that the replacement of the traditional resource, hemp, was integral to the new product’s success.The company DuPont and many industrial historians dispute a link between nylon and hemp, nylon became immediately a scarce commodity. Nylon had characteristics that could be used for toothbrushes (sold from 1938) and very thin nylon fiber could compete with silk and rayon in various textiles normally not produced from hemp fiber, such as very thin stockings for women.

While the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 had just been signed into law, the United States Department of Agriculture lifted the tax on hemp cultivation during WW II. Before WW II, the U.S. Navy used Jute and Manila Hemp from the Philipines and Indonesia for the cortage on their ships. During the war, Japan cut off those supply lines. America was forced to turn inward and revitalize the cultivation of Hemp on U.S. soils.

Hemp was used extensively by the United States during World War II to make uniforms, canvas, and rope. Much of the hemp used was cultivated in Kentucky and the Midwest. During World War II, the U.S. produced a short 1942 film, Hemp for Victory, promoting hemp as a necessary crop to win the war. U.S. farmers participated in the campaign to increase U.S. hemp production to 36,000 acres in 1942. This increase amounted to more than 20 times the production in 1941 before the war effort.

History in the United States
Hemp for Victory, a short documentary produced by the United States Department of Agriculture during World War II
1942 United States Department of Agriculture War Board Letter of appreciation to Joe "Daddy Burt" Burton, a Kentucky hemp farmer for his support of the World War II Hemp for Victory campaign.

United States "Marihuana" production permit. In the United States, hemp cultivation is legally prohibited, but during World War II farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace Manila hemp previously obtained from Japanese-controlled areas. The U.S. government produced a film explaining the uses of hemp, called Hemp for Victory.

Historical cultivation
Hemp has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East for its fibre. Commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century, but was grown in the sixteenth century in eastern England.Because of colonial and naval expansion of the era, economies needed large quantities of hemp for rope and oakum. In the early 1940s, world production of hemp fiber ranged from 250 000 to 350 000 metric tonnes, Russia was the biggest producer.

In Western Europe, the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the 1930s, but the commercial cultivation stopped by then, due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers. Speculation about the potential for commercial cultivation of hemp in large quantities has been criticized due to successful competition from other fibers for many products. The world production of hemp fiber fell from over 300,000 metric tons 1961 to about 75,000 metric tons in the early 1990s and has after that been stable at that level.

Japan

In Japan, hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop. There is archaeological evidence cannabis was used for clothing and the seeds were eaten in Japan back to the Jōmon period (10,000 to 300 BC). Many Kimono designs portray hemp, or asa (Japanese: 麻), as a beautiful plant. In 1948, marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug. The ban on marijuana imposed by the United States authorities was alien to Japanese culture, as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before. Though these laws against marijuana are some of the world’s strictest, allowing five years imprisonment for possession of the drug, they exempt hemp growers, whose crop is used to make robes for Buddhist monks and loincloths for Sumo wrestlers. Because marijuana use in Japan has doubled in the past decade, these exemptions have recently been called into question.

Portugal
The cultivation of hemp in Portuguese lands began around the fourteenth century. The raw material was used for the preparation of rope and plugs for the Portuguese ships. Portugal also utilized its colonies to support its hemp supply, including in certain parts of Brazil.
In order to recover the ailing Portuguese naval fleet after the Restoration of Independence in 1640, King John IV put a renewed emphasis on the growing of hemp. He ordered the creation of the Royal Linen and Hemp Factory in the town of Torre de Moncorvo to increase production and support the effort.
In 1971, the cultivation of hemp became illegal, and the production was substantially reduced. Because of EU regulations 1308/70, 619/71 and 1164/89, this law was revoked (for some certified seed varieties).

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