How do I determine my longitude and latitude without any technology?
You can do it with:
A quadrant,
A Sundial
A Watch

The first part is the easiest – latitude
At sea, in the middle of nowhere, to find out your latitude, you find Polaris.
Polaris is a star that is exactly aligned with the axis of the Earth toward the north. No matter where you are in the northern hemisphere this star is toward the North.

Polaris is in the axis of the Planet Earth

And therefore always at the same place in the sky, regardless of earth rotation.

Now, given the location of Polaris, if you are navigating in the northern hemisphere, it will be above your head if you are at the north pole (90°) and right on the horizon (0°) if you are on the equator, any position. You then use a quadrant to measure as accurately as possible the position of Polaris above the horizon, and this is you Latitude.
If you are in the southern hemisphere your could use Sigma Octantis instead but it is much more difficult and not as accurate.
If this is during the day you can find out using the sun. Now this is more difficult. But the sun at 12:00 on 20th March / September(equinox) will be right above your head on the equator and will be at the horizon on the north pole. You use your quadrant again to measure the angle and your latitude is 90- your results….
Now to measure your longitude. Well sorry but you cannot do it without a great piece of technology. It took about 60 years to be created from the moment the British government offered £20 000 to whomever could make it.
This my friend, is a watch. Not a simple one, oh no. A watch that gives Greenwich time for months without running fast or slow EVEN ON A BOAT. Because of course the mechanism of any watch from the 18 century would struggle with the movements of a boat.
The principle is easy, once we have defined that the line going through Greenwich observatory is the mark 0 (which in itself wasn’t that simple as Paris was claiming it as well). Your longitude is the time difference between Greenwich and your position (between 0 and 24 hours) translate into degrees (0 – 360).

So what you need is to know the time wherever your are and then the time in London.
If you think the former is the most difficult … think again.
With a sundial, it is fairly straightforward to know the time.
To know the time in Greenwich, however you need to have embarked a watch showing the time there and that hasn’t been impacted by the movement of the boat at sea.
So now that you have the time difference between your place and Greenwich you know how far you went.

Mahalo

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Clifford "RAY" Hackett www.rayis.me RESUME: www.rayis.me/resume

I founded www.adapt.org in 1980 it now has over 50 million members.
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